AAMC FL 5 B/BC EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Adaptive immunity - Answer- specific
Two types of adaptive immunity - Answer- Humoral immunity- B cells regulating antibodies
Cell Mediated Immunity- T cells regulating
innate immunity - Answer- non-specific
phosphodiester linkage - Answer- covalent bonds that join adjacent nucleotides between the -OH group of the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the next
disulfide bonds - Answer- 2 cysteine residues can covalently bond to form disulfide bonds which hold together tertiary structures if sufficient cysteine residues are available.
Heat can disrupt these bonds
Hydrogen bonds - Answer- hold base-pairing nucleotides together, not nucleotides within a backbone.
Glycosidic linkages - Answer- bind carbohydrates together
pI - Answer- pI is the pH at which the overall charge is neutral - A matches this definition
for NqrD, since equal cationic and anionic functional groups would cancel out to 0 net charge. At a pH greater than the pI, you can think of it as there being relatively low proton concentrations in the environment, so the molecule is deprotonated (more negative). Conversely, at a pH lower than the pI, you can think of the environment as being relatively highly concentrated in protons, so the molecule is more protonated (more positive).
Ionophores - Answer- Ionophores are compounds that bind to ions and facilitate their movements across membranes.
succinate dehydrogenase - Answer- succinate to fumarate
FAD to FADH2
Isoelectric focusing - Answer- separates proteins based on their pIs. The technique uses an electric field and a pH gradient which causes proteins to stop moving at a pH equal to their pI. Southern blotting - Answer- Southern blotting is a technique to identify specific DNA fragments and does not require a pH gradient.
Proteolysis - Answer- the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes
involves the cleavage of peptide bonds and does not require a pH gradient.
Keq>1 - Answer- means that products are favored over reactants, since Keq = [Products]/[Reactants] at equilibrium. This is associated with negative delta G, or exergonic reactions.
Pancreatic beta cells vs pancreatic alpha cells - Answer- Insulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels by pancreatic beta cells. Conversely, glucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells.
amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain - Answer- Isoleucine
Endocrine signals - Answer- released into the blood in order to impact tissues scattered throughout the body
type of chemical messengers that act locally - Answer- paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers act locally.
type of chemical messengers that act on cells near the cell that secretes the messenger
- Answer- Paracrine chemical messengers
type of chemical messengers that act on the same cell that secretes the messenger - Answer- autocrine chemical messengers
Glycoprotein - Answer- any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain.
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation.
the process which transfers genetic material from the environment into bacteria - Answer- transformation
process by which nucleic acids are transferred from viruses to cells - Answer- transduction
the exchange of nucleic acids between bacteria - Answer- conjugation Where is the active site located? - Answer- on the enzyme
Substrate similarity and active site binding are classical features of which inhibitor? - Answer- competitive inhibitor
Pain reflex arcs - Answer- Pain reflex arcs integrate with the CNS at interneurons around the spinal cord
Roman numeral I represents the dorsal root ganglion.
Roman numeral II represents an interneuron, which serves as an intercommunication point for the afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS.
Roman numeral III represents the ventral root.
Roman numeral IV represents the effector muscle. - Answer- refers to the difference in charge distribution on opposing sides of a cell membrane - Answer- membrane potential
Resting membrane potential is a result of The resting potential of a neuron is primarily a result of the Within a neuron, the resting potential is determined by - Answer- is a result of differential ion concentrations maintained by leak channels and Na+/K+ ATPase.
Within a neuron, the resting potential is determined by the normal, uneven distribution of
ions between the outside and the inside of a cell.
Contraction of the diaphragm results in - Answer- Diaphragm contraction results in increased thoracic volume and reduced intrathoracic pressure, which causes inhalation.
Diaphragm contraction results in flattening of the diaphragm "dome", and serves to increase the intrathoracic volume and reducing intrathoracic pressure - this results in airflow into the lungs - inhalation.
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate?
(Note: Other than substrate concentration, assume no other changes to reaction conditions.)
A.
KM
B.
kcat
C.
Vmax
D.
V0 - Answer- These describe Michaelis Menten Kinetics - A/B/C are inherent immutable
properties of a substrate-enzyme interaction that do not change with substrate
Adaptive immunity - Answer- specific
Two types of adaptive immunity - Answer- Humoral immunity- B cells regulating antibodies
Cell Mediated Immunity- T cells regulating
innate immunity - Answer- non-specific
phosphodiester linkage - Answer- covalent bonds that join adjacent nucleotides between the -OH group of the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the next
disulfide bonds - Answer- 2 cysteine residues can covalently bond to form disulfide bonds which hold together tertiary structures if sufficient cysteine residues are available.
Heat can disrupt these bonds
Hydrogen bonds - Answer- hold base-pairing nucleotides together, not nucleotides within a backbone.
Glycosidic linkages - Answer- bind carbohydrates together
pI - Answer- pI is the pH at which the overall charge is neutral - A matches this definition
for NqrD, since equal cationic and anionic functional groups would cancel out to 0 net charge. At a pH greater than the pI, you can think of it as there being relatively low proton concentrations in the environment, so the molecule is deprotonated (more negative). Conversely, at a pH lower than the pI, you can think of the environment as being relatively highly concentrated in protons, so the molecule is more protonated (more positive).
Ionophores - Answer- Ionophores are compounds that bind to ions and facilitate their movements across membranes.
succinate dehydrogenase - Answer- succinate to fumarate
FAD to FADH2
Isoelectric focusing - Answer- separates proteins based on their pIs. The technique uses an electric field and a pH gradient which causes proteins to stop moving at a pH equal to their pI. Southern blotting - Answer- Southern blotting is a technique to identify specific DNA fragments and does not require a pH gradient.
Proteolysis - Answer- the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes
involves the cleavage of peptide bonds and does not require a pH gradient.
Keq>1 - Answer- means that products are favored over reactants, since Keq = [Products]/[Reactants] at equilibrium. This is associated with negative delta G, or exergonic reactions.
Pancreatic beta cells vs pancreatic alpha cells - Answer- Insulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels by pancreatic beta cells. Conversely, glucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells.
amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain - Answer- Isoleucine
Endocrine signals - Answer- released into the blood in order to impact tissues scattered throughout the body
type of chemical messengers that act locally - Answer- paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers act locally.
type of chemical messengers that act on cells near the cell that secretes the messenger
- Answer- Paracrine chemical messengers
type of chemical messengers that act on the same cell that secretes the messenger - Answer- autocrine chemical messengers
Glycoprotein - Answer- any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain.
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation.
the process which transfers genetic material from the environment into bacteria - Answer- transformation
process by which nucleic acids are transferred from viruses to cells - Answer- transduction
the exchange of nucleic acids between bacteria - Answer- conjugation Where is the active site located? - Answer- on the enzyme
Substrate similarity and active site binding are classical features of which inhibitor? - Answer- competitive inhibitor
Pain reflex arcs - Answer- Pain reflex arcs integrate with the CNS at interneurons around the spinal cord
Roman numeral I represents the dorsal root ganglion.
Roman numeral II represents an interneuron, which serves as an intercommunication point for the afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS.
Roman numeral III represents the ventral root.
Roman numeral IV represents the effector muscle. - Answer- refers to the difference in charge distribution on opposing sides of a cell membrane - Answer- membrane potential
Resting membrane potential is a result of The resting potential of a neuron is primarily a result of the Within a neuron, the resting potential is determined by - Answer- is a result of differential ion concentrations maintained by leak channels and Na+/K+ ATPase.
Within a neuron, the resting potential is determined by the normal, uneven distribution of
ions between the outside and the inside of a cell.
Contraction of the diaphragm results in - Answer- Diaphragm contraction results in increased thoracic volume and reduced intrathoracic pressure, which causes inhalation.
Diaphragm contraction results in flattening of the diaphragm "dome", and serves to increase the intrathoracic volume and reducing intrathoracic pressure - this results in airflow into the lungs - inhalation.
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate?
(Note: Other than substrate concentration, assume no other changes to reaction conditions.)
A.
KM
B.
kcat
C.
Vmax
D.
V0 - Answer- These describe Michaelis Menten Kinetics - A/B/C are inherent immutable
properties of a substrate-enzyme interaction that do not change with substrate
