NR 601 Questions and Answers Already Passed

NR 601 Questions and Answers Already Passed Developmental changes Physiological 1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, particularly cardiac, respiratory, and renal. 2. There are reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems such as temperature control and fluid and electrolyte balance. 3. There are changes in the sympathetic response, which contribute to orthostasis and falls, as well as lack of hypoglycemic response. 4. There is impaired immunological function: infection risk is greater and autoimmune diseases are more prevalent. Laboratory: Reference ranges for older adults might be the intervals within which 9%% of persons over 70 fall. Causes: Physiologically: fasting or activity status. Pharmacologically: medication, tobacco, or alcohol use. Physiological aging Age related Change Functional Change Implications Integumentary System Loss of dermal and epidermal thickness Loss of subcutaneous tissue and thin epidermis. Prone to skin breakdown and injury Decreased vascularity • Atrophy of sweat glands resulting in decreased sweat production • Decreased body odor • Decreased heat loss • Dryness • Alteration in thermoregulatory response • Fluid requirements may change seasonally • Loss of skin water • Increased risk of heat stroke Respiratory System Decreased lung tissue elasticity Decreased vital capacity Reduced overall efficiency of ventilatory exchange Cilia atrophy Change in mucociliary transport Increased susceptibility to infection Decreased respiratory muscle strength • Reduced ability to handle secretions and reduced effectiveness against noxious foreign particles • Partial inflation of lungs at rest Increased risk of atelectasis Cardiovascular System Heart valves