CNIT 176 exam 1 latest 2024 already passed

CNIT 176 exam 1 latest 2024 already passed Model One way of breaking down the layers of a computing system and thinking about how computers function Task Write a program that does soemthing Algorithm Breaking the task down ( Flow chart) Program Each step of algorithm might translate to many lines of code Instruction Set Architecture Processor independent program translated to a processor dependent program Microarchitecture The ISA is implemented by connecting small hardware components together to make a microarchitecture Logic Gates Every component of the micro architecture can be implemented with. Devices A network of transistors makes up a logic gate. These transistors have a charge which is manipulated by electrons and can be interpreted as either 1 or 0 Abstraction A mental model that removes complex details Generation zero mechanical calculating machines Generation zero (year) First Generation Vacuum Tube computers First Generation (year) Second Generation Transistorized computers Second Generation (year) Transistor Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable and cheap Magnetic Core Replaced, magnetic drums, information available instantly Magnetic Disks Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly Third Generation Integrated circuit computers Third Generation (year) Integrated circuits Replaces circuit boards, smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable Terminal An input/output device with a keyboard and screen Fourth Generation VLSI Computers Fourth Generation (year) 1980 - ???? Moore's Law The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year Rock's law The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years System A collection of components linked together and organized in such a way as to be recognized as a single unit Enviroment Anything outside of the system System architecture The fundamental properties, and the patterns of relationships, connections, constraints. and linkages among the components and between the system and its environment Client-Server computing A program on a client computer requests services from a program on a server computer Software as a Service (SaaS) Applications run on a server or processing may be divided on server and client Platform as a Service (PaaS) Tools for a developer to create and run applications on a cloud platform Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Cloud based hardware emulation of virtual machines and networking Compression Recording data so that it requires fewer bytes of storage space Compression ratio the amount file size is reduced Lossless Inverse algorithm restores data to exact original form Lossy Trades off data degradation for file size and download speed Bitmap (raster) images used for realistic images with continuous variations in shading color, shape and texture Pixel picture element Monochrome Black or white, 1 bit per pixel Gray scale black, white or 254 shades of gray Color graphics 16, 256, or 24-bit color ( 16.7 million colors) Resolution the number of pixels per inch Levels numbers for bits for displaying shades of gray or multiple colors Pallete Color translation table that uses a code for each pixel rather than actual color value GIF (Graphic interchange format) lossless compression PNG (Portable Network Graphics) JPEG (Joint Photographics Expert Group) lossy compression Object(vector) images created by drawing software or output from spreadsheet or data graphs. Composed of lines and shapes in various colors. Object images Based on mathematical formulas. Requires less storage space than bitmap images Page description language List of procedures and statements that describe each of the objects to be printed on a page Streaming video Video displayed in real time as it is downloaded from the web server MIDI ( musical instrument digital interface) instructions to recreate or synthesize sounds Sampling rate Number of times per second that sound is measured during the recording process MP3 Predominant digital audio data format. Uses psycho acoustic lossy compression WAV developed by Microsoft as part of its multimedia specification. General - purpose format for storing and reproducing small snippets of sound Boolean 2-valued variables or constants with valves of true or false Char Variable or constant that holds alphanumeric character Enumerated User-defined data types with possible valves listed in definition Integer Positive or negative whole numbers Real numbers Numbers with a decimal point. Numbers whose magnitude, large or small, exceeds computer's capability to store as an integer EBCDIC (Extended Binary coded decimal Interchange code) Was one of the first widely-used computer codes that supported upper and lowercase alphabetic characters, in addition to special characters, such as punctuation and control characters Unicode Most common 16-bit form represents 65,536 characters. Newest and bestest Bit ( Binary + Digit) Smallest unit of info. It is a state of "on" or "off" Byte 8 bits. A byte is the smallest possible addressable unit of computer storage Word Two or more adjacent bytes ( continuous group of bytes). Can be any number of bits or bytes Word size best size handled by the computer's architecture Nibble (Nybble) 4 bits, half a byte Radix Any integer quantity can be represented exactly using any base Overflow ( too large) having a magnitude ( positive or negative) that is too great a distance from zero Underflow ( too small) A value so close to zero as not being able to be represented as anything but zero AND gate Output is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH. OR gate A logic gate that has two inputs. If either or both of the two inputs is '1', its output is '1'. NOT gate A logic gate that outputs the opposite value to the input NAND gate an inverted AND gate XOR gate Result is true if either input is true but not if both inputs are true NOR gate an inverted OR gate XNOR gate inverted XOR gate Universal logic gates NAND and NOR