Portage Learning A&P 2: Final EXAM
Collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system: - ANS Ganglia
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - ANS parasympathetic
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons - ANS motor (efferent)
Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulse away from cell body - ANS Axon
A neuron going to bicep of the forearm is part of the - ANS Peripheral/ Somatic
T/F: Neurons come into direct physical contact w/ one another. - ANS False: don't physically
touch.
Describe function and release of neurotransmitters - ANS Neurotransmitters are chemicals
stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals.
When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission
of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another.
An efferent neuron carries information: - ANS From the central to the peripheral nervous
system
An afferent neuron carries information: - ANS From the peripheral to the central nervous
system.
An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: - ANS central nervous system
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters: - ANS The neuron cell body
manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon
terminals.
A postsynaptic neuron would be found - ANS after the synapse
what is the location and function of satellite cells - ANS location: peripheral nervous system
function: regulate the environment of neuron cell bodies.
what is the location and function of astrocytes - ANS location: central nervous system, the
brain
function: forms the blood, brain barrier
A patients left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery.
Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why? Why not? - ANS Yes.
,Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of an axon through axonal regeneration because of
the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the axon.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: - ANS Polarized (around -70mV)
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump? - ANS The overall
effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane.
Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump? - ANS It must remain
in constant operation to maintain resting state.
T/F : A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of
the action potential is greater than usual. - ANS False. There is no variation in the strength of
the action potentials. (all or nothing) There is a variation in the number and frequency of
neurons firing.
Which of the following statement is false concerning the neuromuscular junction? - ANS ACh
is released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Which of the following is true concerning the neuromuscular junction? - ANS The NMJ
terminates on a muscle fiber.
How is a message sent from one neuron to another? - ANS There is a minute fluid-filled
space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of
the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are
released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in
the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.
Synapse!
What neurotransmitter is found in the neuromuscular junction? - ANS ACh, Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? - ANS
Dopamine
In a reflex, the ___________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the
central nervous system. - ANS Sensory (afferent)
T/F: Action potentials travel in one direction within the same neuron. - ANS True
T/F: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain. - ANS False
In a reflex, the __________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway to create a
response. - ANS Motor (efferent)
, This is part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. - ANS the
integration center
Where is the integration center of a reflex located? - ANS CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following is true about reflexes? - ANS Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is
one example of a reflex.
What is false about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - ANS It does not involve interneurons. The
effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
What is true about stretch reflexes? - ANS The muscle spindle detects the stretch within the
muscle.
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - ANS It involves excitatory interneurons.
It involves inhibitory interneurons.
You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the
reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - ANS
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
- Pain receptor in skin.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- (1) Excitatory to biceps
- (2) Inhibitory to triceps
- Motor neurons: contract biceps, inhibit triceps
- Action: Elbow flexion pulls hand away
Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of
the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - ANS
- Stretch on patellar tendon.
- Muscle spindle detects stretch.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- Synapses directly on a motor neuron
- Action: Quad contracts kicking foot out
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon.
Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs.
Explain why this occurs. - ANS Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the
nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the
nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for
protection.
Collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system: - ANS Ganglia
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - ANS parasympathetic
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons - ANS motor (efferent)
Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulse away from cell body - ANS Axon
A neuron going to bicep of the forearm is part of the - ANS Peripheral/ Somatic
T/F: Neurons come into direct physical contact w/ one another. - ANS False: don't physically
touch.
Describe function and release of neurotransmitters - ANS Neurotransmitters are chemicals
stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals.
When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission
of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another.
An efferent neuron carries information: - ANS From the central to the peripheral nervous
system
An afferent neuron carries information: - ANS From the peripheral to the central nervous
system.
An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: - ANS central nervous system
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters: - ANS The neuron cell body
manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon
terminals.
A postsynaptic neuron would be found - ANS after the synapse
what is the location and function of satellite cells - ANS location: peripheral nervous system
function: regulate the environment of neuron cell bodies.
what is the location and function of astrocytes - ANS location: central nervous system, the
brain
function: forms the blood, brain barrier
A patients left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery.
Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why? Why not? - ANS Yes.
,Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of an axon through axonal regeneration because of
the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the axon.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: - ANS Polarized (around -70mV)
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump? - ANS The overall
effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane.
Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump? - ANS It must remain
in constant operation to maintain resting state.
T/F : A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of
the action potential is greater than usual. - ANS False. There is no variation in the strength of
the action potentials. (all or nothing) There is a variation in the number and frequency of
neurons firing.
Which of the following statement is false concerning the neuromuscular junction? - ANS ACh
is released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber.
Which of the following is true concerning the neuromuscular junction? - ANS The NMJ
terminates on a muscle fiber.
How is a message sent from one neuron to another? - ANS There is a minute fluid-filled
space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of
the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are
released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in
the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.
Synapse!
What neurotransmitter is found in the neuromuscular junction? - ANS ACh, Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? - ANS
Dopamine
In a reflex, the ___________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the
central nervous system. - ANS Sensory (afferent)
T/F: Action potentials travel in one direction within the same neuron. - ANS True
T/F: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain. - ANS False
In a reflex, the __________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway to create a
response. - ANS Motor (efferent)
, This is part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. - ANS the
integration center
Where is the integration center of a reflex located? - ANS CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following is true about reflexes? - ANS Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is
one example of a reflex.
What is false about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - ANS It does not involve interneurons. The
effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
What is true about stretch reflexes? - ANS The muscle spindle detects the stretch within the
muscle.
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? - ANS It involves excitatory interneurons.
It involves inhibitory interneurons.
You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the
reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - ANS
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
- Pain receptor in skin.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- (1) Excitatory to biceps
- (2) Inhibitory to triceps
- Motor neurons: contract biceps, inhibit triceps
- Action: Elbow flexion pulls hand away
Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of
the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - ANS
- Stretch on patellar tendon.
- Muscle spindle detects stretch.
- Sensory (afferent) neuron through DRG
- Interneurons in spinal cord
- Synapses directly on a motor neuron
- Action: Quad contracts kicking foot out
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon.
Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs.
Explain why this occurs. - ANS Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the
nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the
nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for
protection.
