VEN 003 Midterm 1 Questions with Verified Answers

VEN 003 Midterm 1 Questions with Verified Answers How is "champagne" labeled in the US? Must be accompanied with a US geographic name like "California champagne" or "Napa Valley champagne". What is the basis for sparkling wine production? A second fermentation in a closed container such that the CO2 produced during the fermentation cannot escape. At what conditions is CO2 more soluble? Higher pressures, lower temperatures, and higher alcohol concentrations What is the base wine in the production of sparkling wine called? The cuvee (wine without strong varietal flavors and low alcohol- 9 to 11%). When are sparkling wine grapes harvested? Early, at 18 to 20 degree Brix. What are the traditional varieties used in Champagne? Chardonnay (white), Pinot noir (red), and Meunier (red) What are less expensive CA sparkling wine made from? French Colombard or Chenin blanc What are the three main methods of producing sparkling wine? methode champenoise, transfer process, and the Charmat process Methode Champenoise (traditional method, or "fermented in this bottle") 1. tirage- cuvee mixed w/ yeast and sugar and dispensed in bottles (yeast strains chosen for ability to flocculate, or clump together for easy removal). 2. bottles capped and second fermentation where yeast die. 3. aged for additional years on the lees, during which dead yeast cells impart flavors. 4. riddling- bottles slowly turned so yeast reaches cap. 5. disgorgement- removal of dead yeast. 6. sugar (dosage) is added. Dosages for sparkling wine 0.5 to 1.5% sugar- brut 2.5 to 4.5% sugar- sec 5% sugar- demi-sec 10% sugar- doux Transfer Process bottles are not riddled after fermentation, instead transferred into a large transfer tank, wine is filtered, dosage added, and wine is returned to bottles. Charmat Process (bulk process) fermentation conducted in a pressurized refrigerated tank. 75% of US wine is made this way. In France, what is the name for wines made by method charmat that are not from the region of Champagne? In Spain? Cremant; cava Sparkling wines in Germany and Italy made from Charmat method of production. German- Sekt Italian- Spumante sparkling wine from Veneto region of Italy called Prosecco Earliest culture in which wine was an important item of trade the Phoenicians Wine in ancient Egypt initially associated with religious ceremonies and consumed only by priests and royalty Wine in ancient Greece associated with worship of Dionysus. Greeks had a number of different grape varieties. Romans Greater impact on development of viticulture than any other ancient culture. Wine was a dietary staple and a wine making and growing was a business. Major wine producing regions of western Europe were established by Romans. After the decline of the Roman empire, where were grape growing and wine making technology preserved? In local church properties. Wine trade patterns emerged. England's influence on certain European wine regions Controlled Bordeaux for 300 years; port production; and sheer industry in southern Spain. What did Pasteur discover? Wine spoilage was caused by microorganisms; led to control of wine spoilage for the first time ever Diseases and pests introduced to Europe form North America Powdery mildew brought under control by sulfur, downy mildew controlled by Bordeaux mixture (CuSO4 and lime), phylloxera destroyed half of French vineyards before being controlled by rootstocks. What system controlled the production of fraudulent wines? controlled appellation system Catholic Missionaries established a mission near San Diego in 1769, grape they grew now called Mission. Missions brought wine to California, identified areas most suitable for grade growing, and trained a pool of people in grape growing and wine making technologies. California legislature response to late 1800s economic problems and vineyard losses to phylloxera Directed University of CA to develop program of research and instruction in viticulture and enology. birth of Department of Viticulture and Enology at UC Davis. Prohibition (1919 to 1933) and its effects wine industry devastated but vineyard acreage increased to meet demand for home winemaking grapes. thick skinned, intense colored varieties like Alicante Bouschet and Carignane dominated. 1930's, 40's, and 50's industry remained unhealthy. University of CA began to have more influence. Better wine varieties recommended and improvements were made to wine making technologies 1960's demand for wine increased How is alcohol ingested? 20% is absorbed into blood stream from the stomach, and 80% from small intestine. can also be absorbed through lungs. BAC? grams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood. Expressed as a concentration. Why do women reach a higher blood alcohol concentration than men? They have lower first pass metabolism due to lower gastric ADH activity. Factors affecting BAC EtOH concentration, carbonation, food, gender Alcohol metabolism first step is conversion of ethyl alcohol to acetaldehyde by enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Alcohol metabolism in the stomach is called first pass metabolism. Rate of metabolism in the bloodstream Around 0.1 gram per kilogram of body weight per hour. Government warnings All US wine bottles must carry warning labels about dangers of alcohol abuse as well as indication that they contain sulfites. Health benefits studies have shown moderate wine consumption is correlated with some health benefits, particularly reduced cardiovascular heart disease. What are ion exchange and cold stabilization used for? to stabalize tartrate In order to prevent browning caused by oxidation of phenolic compounds in making white wines... the juice is kept cold and protected from air Phylloxera is... an aphid like insect that attacks grape roots The purpose of fining is... remove things that cause haze Lactic acid bacteria... reduce acidity, convert malic acid to lactic acid, generate CO2, impart a buttery flavor to wines