Intro to Professional nursing Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers

Beliefs - Answer ideas accepted as true Values - Answer beliefs that act as a standard for behavior Morals - Answer personal standards of right and wrong Attitudes - Answer position, point of view Positive Attitude - Answer confident, everything should turn out as it should, the world is a good place and just Ethics - Answer rational processes for determining the best course of action in the face of conflicting choices ...protect the rights of the individual - Answer Application of ethical principles in decision making serves to... Legal/Law - Answer minimal morality The danger of equating laws with ethics is that the minimum behavior (law) is taken to be the same as the ideal behavior (ethics). - Answer What is the danger of equating laws with ethics? ...a duty to act - Answer For the professional nurse, action is not based on personal preference, but there is... society - Answer The professional nurse makes a promise to... Altruism and self-regulation - Answer What are the characteristics of a profession? self-regulating - Answer The ethical code of a profession provides internal control for the profession and censure of members who act unethically, this is... 1976 - Answer what year was the modern ethics code written? ANA - Answer Who wrote and published the code of ethics? personal choice, obligation - Answer Ethical decision making is not a(n) ______ ______ but a(n)________ of the professional nurse censure or reprimand - Answer Failure to uphold the code of ethics can result in... Understanding our own values - Answer What is central to the study of ethics? decisions, opinions, and creeds - Answer How are beliefs expressed? choosing (beliefs) - Answer What is the first step in valuing? Values - Answer What is the standard for decision making and Derived from societal norms, religion, and family during the socialization process? deal with other people - Answer What you believe to be important inevitably determines the methods you use to... Modeling, Moralizing, Reward and Punishment, Laissez-Faire, Responsible Choice - Answer What are the five modes of value transmission? Modeling - Answer a child wishes to be like a parent; Ex. Watching parent and doing like the parent Moralizing - Answer authority figure holds the standard for right and wrong; Ex. Parents telling you that you have to do things their way Reward and Punishment - Answer the way of value transmission where one is reprimanded for bad behavior and congratulated for good behavior Laissez-faire - Answer informal, little or no guidance Responsible choice - Answer there are choices, allows exploration of competing values Behavior - Answer What is an expression of our values? Choosing, Prizing, and Acting - Answer What are the three processes of valuing? Choosing - Answer freely, among alternatives, considering consequences Prizing - Answer with pride, happiness, public affirmation Acting - Answer acting on the choice with consistency, incorporation the choice into behavior Self-Awareness - Answer a useful tool to the nurse as he or she serves others and gives of themselves and works with other people as a caring instrument Altruism, Autonomy, Human Dignity, Integrity, Social Justice, Role of a professional education, How personal values affect professional behavior - Answer What are some important values in nursing? I'm not sure I understand, Give an example of, What is the most important thing about - Answer What are some clarification techniques? Paternalistic, Patient Sovereignty, "Shared" - Answer What are three examples of Patient care decisions? Paternalistic - Answer impose your own values on the patient; Share your values in such a way that the final decision is still based on your values Patient Sovereignty - Answer base decisions solely on the patient's values "Shared" - Answer Respect and use the preferences of the patient and the expertise and judgment of the clinician Morals - Answer Personal standards of right and wrong that are usually learned during childhood and based on religious beliefs through which there is societal influence; it is often manifested as behavior in accordance with group norms i.e.: polygamy in the Mormon traditions Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional - Answer What were Kohlberg's stages of moral development found in his study of men in 1969? Pre-conventional - Answer what part of moral development is best described by good and bad = reward and punishment? Conventional - Answer one learns to conform to the rules of society, mold their behavior to suit the roles of society Post-conventional - Answer one uses abstract universal principles of justices to make moral decision, principled reasoning Caring for self, Caring for others, Caring based on interconnectedness - Answer What were Gilligan's stages of moral development found in her study of women in 1977? Caring for self - Answer survival as the goal; selfish Caring for others - Answer based on responsibility Caring based on interconnectedness - Answer based on the understanding of the interconnectedness of self and others, care becomes the self chosen principle of judgment conventional level - Answer Studies show the few nurses practice above the ___________ _________of ethical reasoning obedience to authority figure - Answer Most nurses emphasize __________ _____ _______ __________ even when patient rights were being violated Teleology (Utilitarianism) - Answer o Greatest good for the greatest number o How an act affects the happiness or welfare of each individual is not given consideration- it is the total amount of good is decisive, not how equally it is distributed o Does the nurse have a duty to tell the truth? Only when it serves the greater good of the greatest number of patients pleasure or absence of pain - Answer How does teleology define happiness? pain or the absence of pleasure - Answer How does teleology define unhappiness? Deontology - Answer o Duty based • Look at the underlying principles of actions o Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant • Treat any person as an end in him/herself, never as a means to an end o Rules derived from universal values that underlie all major religions o The duty to tell the truth is more important than the utility of calming a patient down o These concepts are similar to the legal system ethical dilemma - Answer A choice between conflicting values, there is more than one true choice, a choice between 2 equally unfavorable alternatives Autonomy - Answer The patient possesses the capacity to make decisions- values and goals, communicate and understand the information, reason and deliberate about one's choice Capacity, decision is voluntary, Patient has essential information - Answer What are the three criterium for the autonomy of a patient? ANA Standard 1 - Answer the nurse in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems Informed Consent - Answer Legal standard, the minimum standard that patients can expect to receive Patient Self-Determination Act - Answer this is the legal standard for patients' autonomy: • Make own health care decisions • Accept or refuse medical treatment • Advanced directives (living will, power of attorney) patient's bill of rights - Answer a document published by the American Hospital Association that if not followed by hospital, that institution could lose funding or reimbursement: • High quality hospital care • Involvement in your care • Help when you leave hospital • Clean safe environment • Protection of your privacy • Help with billing claims Autonomy, Beneficence/Non-Maleficence, Veracity, Confidentiality, Fidelity, Justice - Answer What are some ethical principles in nursing? Beneficence/Non-maleficence - Answer Relating in patients in ways that will promote health, relieve unnecessary pain and suffering and prolong life; do no harm Standard 3 - Answer the nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient Legal - Answer Is malpractice civil or legal? Civil - Answer Is tort law civil or legal? Veracity - Answer Adherence to the truth; truthfulness; ANA: Informed consent is more than just a piece of paper a patient signs, they have to know risks, benefits, alternative treatments, even though its not a legal standard it has reimbursement issues also Confidentiality - Answer insure the patients privacy confidentiality; privacy - Answer There is a difference between __________ ( more to do with information) and ____________ (more to do with the person) ANA's standard on privacy - Answer "The nurse safeguard the patient's rights to privacy. The need for health care does not justify unwanted intrusion into the patient's life. The nurse advocates for an environment that provides for sufficient physical privacy, including privacy for discussions of a personal nature, and policies and practices that protect the confidentiality of information" ANA's standard on confidentiality - Answer "The nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information..."