Introduction to Professional Nursing Exam 1 Questions With Verified Answers

In early times, nurses were- - Answer Servants Women of religious orders Wealthy women (as acts of charity) Florence Nightingale - Answer *The founder of modern nursing* Born in 1820, began nurses' training in Germany at age 30 Tended to wounded British soldiers at Scutari Hospital in Turkey during the *Crimean War* Reformed British Army Hospitals Established the first training school for nurses in London. Wrote a famous book in 1859 called *Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not* Sairy Gamp - Answer A Dicken's character Portrayed that hospitals were a place to die - patients were cared for by prostitutes, drunks, and convicts Clara Barton - Answer Founded the Red Cross Dorothea Dix - Answer Reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill Mary Eliza Mahoney - Answer 1st professionally educated African American nurse in the United States Isabel Hampton Robb - Answer Founded the National League for Nursing (NLN) and the American Nurses Association (ANA). Lillian Wald - Answer Nurse and social activist Founded the Henry Street Settlement - The first public health nursing organization One of the founding members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Margaret Sanger - Answer United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood Lavina Dock - Answer Part of the nursing education reform and the women's suffrage movement Jessie Sleet Scales - Answer The 1st African American public health nurse Established the Stillman House, a branch of the Henry Street Settlement Mary Breckinridge - Answer Founder of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) This service provided the first organized widwifery program in the United States What was Florence Nightingale's affect on the British Barrack Hospital Reform? - Answer She reduced the mortality rate in British hospitals during the Crimean war by providing food, cleanliness, sunlight, and caring for the patients. How have wars influenced the profession of nursing? - Answer It changed the image of nursing to "heroes" and "angels", strong and noble. It made people acknowledge the contribution of nursing and demonstrated the value of care. WW2 represented the coming of age for __________ nurses. - Answer Colored The _____________ _____________ War was the first war that nurses were asked to volunteer. - Answer Spanish American Edith Cavell - Answer Executed in Germany for helping soldiers escape in WW1 The sexual revolution began in the ___________. - Answer 1960's "Hotlips Hoolihan" MASH- Movie, TV Nurse Ratched - Answer Battle Axe Nurse The 1970s version of Sairy Gamp Negative Contemporary Images of Nursing Today - Answer Bimbo- Sex Symbol "Naughty nurse" Examples of some images of nursing throughout the years- - Answer Angels of mercy Handmaidens Sex symbols Bimbos Battle Axes Sadistic torturers Social, Political, Economic Factors when it comes to the Image of Nursing - Answer Feminism Women's movement Consumer movement Graying of America Cultural diversity Men in nursing Violence Technological advances The three major concepts of nursing- - Answer 1. Person/individual 2. Environment 3. Health Concept of Nursing- Person/Individual - Answer An open system with numerous subsystems (respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological) that make up the whole person. Unique + adaptable, influenced by genetics and the environment Human needs (Maslow) Homeostasis Human Needs Theory- Maslow's Theory - Answer Human behavior is motivated by intrinsic needs: Physiological needs -> safety needs -> social needs -> esteem needs -> self actualization Adaptation - Answer Theory by Carl Rogers A person's needs change as the person changes. Explains why a person may be become anxious in a hospital setting A system is- - Answer A set of interrelated parts that come together to form a whole that performs a function Components of systems - Answer *Input*- the raw material that enters a system and is transformed by it. Ex- students *Throughput*- consists of the processes a system uses to convert raw materials (input) into a form that can be used. Ex- clinicals *Output*- the end result or product of the system. Ex- graduates *Evaluation*- measuring the success or failure of the output and the effectiveness of the system. Ex- NCLEX pass rates *Feedback* the information given back into the system to determine whether the purpose, or end result, of the system has been achieved. Synergy - Answer Occurs when all various subsystems work together to achieve a result that is not independently achievable. An open system promotes- - Answer The exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment. A closed system- - Answer Does not interact with other systems or with the surrounding environment. Matter, energy, and information do not flow into or out of a closed system Key concepts about systems (picture) - Answer Homeostasis - Answer A dynamic balance achieved by effectively functioning open systems In humans, it is attained by coordinated responses of organ systems that automatically compensate for environmental changes. Concept of Nursing- Environment - Answer The suprasystem in which a person lives in Includes all the circumstances, influences, and conditions that surround and affect individuals, families, and groups. Includes cultural systems, social systems, and community systems Can either promote or interfere with homeostasis and the well-being of individuals Nurses potential impact on the environment/Supra-system: - Answer Ecological health Healthy work environments WHO training modules including mercury poisoning Health Care Without Harm to reduce hazardous waste Luminary project Different definitions of health - Answer Smuts (1926)- holism Parsons (1956)- health as optimum ability Dunn (1961)- high-level wellness Pender et al (2006)- health promotion (approach behaviors) and disease prevention (avoidance behaviors) How is considered the patient's family? - Answer Whoever the patient says is family *is* family. (Do not necessarily involved "blood relatives") Nuclear family - Answer Parents and their children Three aspects of social systems - Answer *Social change*- death of a loved one, divorce, job change *Social support*- emotional, companionship, informational, and material *Poverty*- living with deprivation and the scarcity of necessities (such as food and adequate housing). Diminished access to health care Concept of Nursing- Health - Answer A continuum An individual's health status varies from day today depending on a variety of factors, such as rest, nutrition, and stressors. Community Systems - Answer The types and availability of jobs, housing, schools, and healthcare, as well as overall economic well-being. The definition of health as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO)- - Answer "A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Health behaviors - Answer The choices and habitual actions that promote or diminish health, such as eating habits, frequency of exercise, use of tobacco products and alcohol, sexual practices, and adequacy of rest and sleep. Rosenstock's health belief model included three components- - Answer 1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that condition. 2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be. 3. The presence of a trigger event that the precipitates the health maintenance behavior. Four components identified by Bandura (self-efficacy) that are needed for an effective lifestyle change- - Answer 1. Information 2. Skill development 3. Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback 4. Creating social supports for change Pender's Health Promotion Model - Answer 1. Individual characteristics- prior related behaviors, personal factors 2. Behavior specific thoughts- perceived benefits, barriers, self efficacy 3. Behavior outcomes- level of commitment, competing demands Why were Health Belief Models/Health Promotion Models created? - Answer To determine why some people change behaviors and others do not Nursing integrates concepts from _________, ____________, and _________ to form a meaningful whole. - Answer Person, environment, and health Health promotion - Answer Finding ways to help individuals develop a state of physical, spiritual, and mental well-being. Activities to encourage optimal functioning 8 factors that contribute to an holistic approach to nursing- - Answer 1. Nursing is an open system. 2. Nursing is the provision of healthcare services. 3. Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families. 4. Nursing is integrally involved with people. 5. Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual difference, age, beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors. 6. Nursing requires advanced knowledge and skills. 7. Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as comprehensive, individualized plan of care, to facilitate patient's growth towards wellness. 8. Nursing links theory and research. Three main categories of beliefs- - Answer 1. Descriptive or existential beliefs (those that can shown to be true or false) 2. Evaluative beliefs (good vs. bad) 3. Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs Rokeach's 5 assertions about the nature of human values- - Answer 1. Each person has a relatively small number of values. 2. All human beings, regardless of location or culture, possess basically the same values to differing degrees. 3. People organize their values into value systems. 4. People develop values in response to culture, society, and even individual personality traits. 5. Most observable human behaviors are manifestations or consequences of human values. 3 steps in valuing- - Answer 1. Choosing is the cognitive (intellectual) aspect of valuing 2. Prizing is the affective (emotional) aspect of valuing. 3. Acting is the kinesthetic (behavioral) aspect of valuing Belief systems serve to guide ____________ and ________________. - Answer Thinking and decision making Values are the- - Answer Freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by an individual, class, or group that give meaning and direction to life. An abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable. Purpose of Healthy People 2000/2010/2020 - Answer To work as a team to address a set of health problems that are significant threats to the health of the public The 12 topic areas of Healthy People 2020- - Answer 1. Access to health services. 2. Clinical preventative services. 3. Environmental quality. 4. Injury and violence. 5. Maternal, infant, and child health. 6.Mental health. 7. Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity. 8. Oral health. 9. Reproductive and sexual health. 10. Social determinants. 11. Substance abuse. 12. Tobacco Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1936): General Systems Theory- - Answer A common framework for studying several similar disciplines that would allow scientists and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others. The success of the hospital depends on the functioning of _________________. - Answer Many subsystems The ________ is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (subsystems). - Answer Whole Dynamic balance within and between subsystems, systems, and suprasystems helps crate and maintain ___________. - Answer Homeostasis (internal stability) If _________ is unsuccessful, disequilibrium may occur, setting the stage for the development of illness or disease. - Answer Adaptation Philosophy is the study of- - Answer The truths and principles of being, knowledge, conduct, or nature of the universe. Allen College's Philosophy Basic components - Answer 1. Client 2. Knowledge- nursing and related disciplines 3. Health 4. Caring 5. Collaboration 6. Nursing 7. Teaching Learning process 8. Learning 9. Service/service learning UnityPoint Health- Philosophy and Core Values- FOCUS - Answer F- foster unity O- own the moment C- champion excellence U- unitypoint health S- seize opportunities Theories guide nursing practices by- - Answer Describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena, or patient behavior and outcomes. Nursing theorists- Henderson's basic needs - Answer Sleep, water, communicate emotions, worship, play, encourage independence Nursing theorists- Nightingale - Answer Health is related to their environment Believed in protecting the patient Nursing theorists- Watson- Curative factors - Answer Human caring Instill hope Understanding and trust Work together to problem salve