FNDH 400 exam 1

Macronutrients - correct answer carbohydrates, proteins, and fats needed in larger amounts Micronutrients - correct answer vitamins and minerals needed in smaller amounts Understand what a "calorie," as used by the public, represents - correct answer A "calorie" referred to by the general public is otherwise known as a kilocalorie (kcals). A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius. Know what nutrients provide energy and how much - correct answer Carbohydrate: 4 (kcals/g) • Protein: 4 (kcals/g) • Lipids: 9 (kcals/g) Vitamins, minerals, and water do NOT provide energy Alcohol is NOT a nutrient but it does provide energy (7 kcals/g) functional foods - correct answer • Functional foods are thought to provide health benefits beyond what the traditional nutrients do in foods. phytochemicals - correct answer come from plants (phyto) and are believed to provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients. Zoochemicals - correct answer come from animals and are believed to provide health benefits beyond what the traditional nutrients do. Some compounds can be both phytochemicals and zoochemicals. - correct answer An example of compounds that can be classified as both are the yellow carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. Kale, spinach, and corn contain phytochemicals and are good sources of lutein and zeaxanthin. Whereas egg yolks contain zoochemicals and are also a good source of these carotenoids. clinical trials - correct answer prospective and provide an intervention, are the gold standard of scientific research. They are a controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and effectiveness of different items/regimens. randomization - correct answer the sick and healthy will ideally be evenly distributed between the groups blinding - correct answer open label (both researcher and subject know the treatment) single-blind- only the researcher knows and double blind- (neither know.) Placebo - correct answer A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect. animal studies - correct answer These studies are less expensive, and easier to control than with humans. However, their physiology and metabolisms are different than humans, as well as models of disease, which makes it hard to interpret results. vitro - correct answer studies performed outside of living organisms, and therefore cannot give insight as to how digestion or bioavailability affect things. Cells are grown in a lab and provided nutrients as well as conditions similar to the human body. (37 degrees Celsius, 5% CO2) Epidemiology - correct answer Trying to find connections (correlations) between food and health conditions. cohort studies - correct answer look at a group of subjects and measure their baseline through food frequency questionnaires. They start with different exposure levels to a certain eating or lifestyle, then are followed for a period of time to see if a disease develops. case control - correct answer compare people with and without disease to find common exposures cross sectional - correct answer compares two or more populations at the same point in time p-value - correct answer A p-value of anything smaller than 0.05 is commonly considered statistically significant, but 0.05 is not considered statistically significant. OR, RR, HR - correct answer odd ratios OR relative risks RR Hazard ratios HR 1= neutral 1 = increase risk 1= decrease risk 2= twice the risk 0.5= half the risk confidence interval - correct answer Large confidence intervals indicate less confidence in value Small confidence indicate more confidence in value Understand how oligosaccharides are structurally different from other polysaccharides, implications of this, and how Beano works - correct answer Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds which are not digested and reach the colon. In the colon, bacteria ferment the oligosaccharides which leads to flatulence. Beano helps reduce flatulence because it contains an enzyme (alpha-galactosidase) which is able to cleave this bond. 1. Systematic literature reviews- - correct answer systematic literature reviews related to a certain research question. it synthesizes findings from multiple studies & research articles 2. Clinical trial - correct answer (causality) the relationship between cause and effect. They have an intervention. 3. cohort - correct answer - prospective and does not provide intervention 4. case control - correct answer retrospective and requires subjects to remember past diet 5. cross-sectional study - correct answer no time element & only based on group outcomes Why ranked below case-control? It doesn't take into account individuals characteristics it compares different populations at the same time • 6. Animal study 6. Animal study - correct answer doesn't take into consideration the physiology of humans 7. vitro - correct answer - weakest review due to weakest form of evidence overall; does not take into account digestion or bioavailability in humans simple carb - correct answer monosaccharide 1 and disaccharide 2 sugars complex carb - correct answer oliogosaccharide (3-10) and polysarccharide (10) Monosaccharides - correct answer glucose, fructose, galactose 1 sugar Disaccharide - correct answer sucrose(gf), lactose(g-galactose), maltose (gg) 2 sugar- the bonding name is glycosidic Polysacchari