FNDH 400 Exam 3

Where does the name Vitamin come from? - correct answer Vital amines -- Vitamines, but when it was discovered they weren't amines, the E was dropped Fat soluble vitamins - correct answer A, D, E, K Water Soluble Vitamins - correct answer C, B What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why? - correct answer B4, B8, B10, B11 Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy EV McCollum and vitamins - correct answer Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia (inflammation of the eye) and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi Factor A -- Vitamin A Factor B -- B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s) Thiamin cofactor - correct answer Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Riboflavin cofactor - correct answer Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Niacin cofactor - correct answer Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) Pantothenic Acid cofactor - correct answer Coenzyme A Vitamin B6 cofactor - correct answer Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Folate cofactor - correct answer Tetrahydrofolate (THF) Vitamin B12 cofactor - correct answer Adensosylcobalamin Methylcobalamin Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins - correct answer B Why must we consume B vitamins? - correct answer Cofactors Mineral amount classifcation - correct answer Amount required Macromineral Trace Minerals Ultratrace Minerals DRIs - correct answer EAR RDA AI UL Dietary guideliens - correct answer Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and health maintenance DRI definition - correct answer Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components to be of benefit Dietary guidelines vs DRI - correct answer Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals RDA (Definition, Needs met, Set) - correct answer Recommended Dietary Allowance Asses quality of people's diets Meets needs of 97.5% of the population Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations) EAR (Definition, Needs met, Set) - correct answer Estimated Average Requirement Estimated quality of 50% of the population Requires applicable research Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA - correct answer .5 (50%) EAR .025 (25%) RDA Formula for setting RDA - correct answer EAR + 2 standard deviations AI (Definition, Needs Met, Set) - correct answer Adequate Intake Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup Not research based Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.) UL (Definition, Needs Met, Set) - correct answer Tolerable Upper Intake Level Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals of a population First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors NOAEL and LOAEL - correct answer No observed adverse effect level Lowest observed adverse effect level *Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL Most americans don't meet the EAR for which vitamins/minerals? - correct answer A, C, E, Magnesium Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals (8) - correct answer *Vitamin E* *Vitamin C* Riboflavin *Selenium* Iron Copper Zinc Manganese * Primary function is as an antioxidant Antioxidant enzymes and their cofactors (O2-- ...) - correct answer Superoxide (O2) --Superoxide Dismutase(Cu, Zn, Mn)-- Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 --Catalase (Fe)/Glutathione Peroxidase(Se)-- Water H2O Free radical - correct answer Molecule with unpaired electron in its outer orbital Why are free radicals dangerous? - correct answer Highly reactive Can cause trouble depending on where it pulls electron LDL --