NBEO part 1 exam 2024 with 100% correct answers

Which of the four involuntary vergence stimuli is driven by neural innervation? Proximal Accommodative Fusional Tonic - correct answer Tonic vergence is caused by baseline innervation. This type of vergence is generally maintained when all other vergence stimuli are absent. Proximal stimuli are driven by near objects. The response increases as the distance from the object decreases. Accommodative response results from target defocus. Fusional involuntary vergence is provoked by retinal disparity. Which 3 tests directly examine the accommodative system? (Select 3) Monocular amps MEM Positive fusional convergence ranges monocular facility testing with +/-2.00D lenses Stereopsis Second-degree fusion - correct answer Monocular amps, MEM, monocular facility MEM measures the accuracy of the accommodative response to a given target. Monocular amplitudes and monocular facility also evaluate the performance of the accommodative system. PFC measures the interaction between the accommodative and the vergence system. Stereopsis is a product of binocular retinal disparity. Stereopsis is not a measure of accommodation but serves to evaluate the capability of the eyes to work in unison. Although accommodation must be accounted for when performing this test, stereopsis will not quantify any type of accommodative dysfunction. Stereopsis as a cue to depth works best if the objects are not too far away. In order for stereopsis to occur, the retinal disparity must be within a certain limit to result in a perception of depth. Second-d