AP Computer Science Principles EXAM (2023/2024) Already Passed

AP Computer Science Principles EXAM (2023/2024) Already Passed Overflow error that results when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number, like a car's odometer "rolling over" Round-off error that results when the number of bits is not enough to represent the actual number, like 3 digits to represent π as 3.14 Lossy Compressing data in a way that throws some data away and makes it almost impossible to recover the original, great compression, like JPEG images Lossless Compressing data in a way that preserves all data away and allows full recovery of the original, good compression -- usually not as good as lossy, like PNG images Metadata data about data, like a camera storing the location, aperture, shutter speed, etc. for a digital photo Sequencing code flows line by line, one after another, like a recipe Selection a boolean condition to determine which of two algorithmic paths are taken, aka if-then Iteration using a looping control structure, like while, for, foreach, repeat, repeat-until, etc. Reasonable Time polynomial in the number of steps an algorithm takes in the worst case based on the input size Not reasonable time Usually exponential in the number of steps, like doubling every time your input grows by one Heuristic using a "rule" to guide an algorithm, like always walking toward the north star if you were stuck in a forest Undecidable A problem that is so difficult, we can't ever create an algorithm that would be able to answer yes or no for all inputs, like determining if a user's program run on some input would always stop and not run forever Linear Search Going one by one vs starting in the middle and going left/right like looking for a word in the dictionary Binary Search requires the list to be sorted in order and then cutting the list in half APIs Application Programming Interface Citizen Science Lots of people to help with a scientific project, like asking everyone around the world to count the butterflies they see one day Cloud Computing Using distributed calculations and/or storage for big data or a web application Crowdsourcing Asking lots of users online to help with something, like funding a project, or running SETI@Home to help look for extraterrestrial signals Creative Commons An alternative to copyright that allows people to declare how they want their artistic creations to be shared, remixed, used in noncommercial contexts, and how the policy should propagate with remixed versions Open Access A policy that allows people to have read access to things, e.g., libraries or online data Moore's Law The # of transistors on a chip doubles every two years Peer-to-peer Networks A system where one user's computer connects through the Internet to another user's computer without going through an intermediary "centralized" computer to manage the connection Digital Divide The idea that some communities / populations have less access to computing than others ISP Internet Service Provider How does internet communication arrive at its destination? Speech on the Internet goes from the source to an ISP, into the cloud, out of the cloud to another ISP, and to its destination How can the government control speech on the Internet? 1) It can try to control the speaker or the speaker's ISP, by criminalizing certain kinds of speech. But that won't work if the speaker isn't in the same country as the listener. 2)It can try to control the listener, by prohibiting possession of certain kinds of materials. In the U.S., possession of copyrighted software without an appropriate license is illegal, as is possession of other copyrighted material with the intent to profit from redistributing it. 3) The government can try to control the intermediaries. How can Internet posters evaded being convicted for defamation/slander on the Web? The posters could evade responsibility as long as they remained anonymous, as they easily could on the Internet. What has Congress given ISPs relating to an Internet Defamation case? Congress had given the ISPs a complete waiver of responsibility for the consequences of false and damag- ing statements, even when the ISP knew they were false. Internet Protocol Hourglass Each protocol interfaces only to those in the layers immediately above and below it, and all data is turned into IP bit packets in order to pass from an application to one of the physical media that make up the network. -Email, Web, Phone -SMTP, HTTP -TCP, UDP -IP -Wire, Fiber, Radio TCP