Economics - Unit 1 Economics Fundamentals 100% Pass

Economics - Unit 1 Economics Fundamentals 100% Pass economics 1. the study of how individuals and nations make choices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfill their needs and wants 2. Social science that deals with the study of the production, consumption, distribution of goods and services and the transfer of wealth to obtain those goods and services. scarcity a situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants trade-offs giving up one thing in favor of another opportunity costs the highest-valued alternative that must be forgone when a choice is made rational decisions choice in which you weigh the costs and benefits of each option marginal benefit the additional satisfaction or benefit received when one more unit is produced marginal cost the cost of producing one more unit of a good. marginal benefit-marginal cost analysis Rational decision making involves marginal benefits that equal or exceed the marginal costs resources anything that is used to produce goods or services allocation of resources decision on how to divide scarce resources among different uses goods tangible products that we use to satisfy our wants and needs services actions or activities that one person performs for another factors of production land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship capital goods Buildings, machines, technology, and tools needed to produce goods and services. human capital the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience producers individuals and organizations that determine what products and services will be available for sale. consumers people who buy goods and services entrepreneur (n.) a person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business barter To exchange goods or services without the use of money production possibilities curve A graphical representation that shows the possible combinations of two products that an economy can produce, given that its productive resources are fully employed and efficiently used. division of labor the process of dividing work into specialized jobs that are performed by separate individuals assembly line Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks imports goods and services purchased from other countries exports Goods and services sold to other countries. voluntary exchange the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in non-fraudulent market transactions. Both parties should benefit from the exchange. non-fraudulent exchange without fraud/without deceiving; honest, voluntary exchange economic systems The ways in which a society answers the three basic economic questions to organize production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services to solve the economic problem of scarcity 3 basic economic questions Every economic system must answer the three basic economic questions: What to produce; How to produce it? For whom to produce? command economy a system in which the central government makes all economic decisions traditional economy An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next--usually subsistence agriculture market economy a system based on private ownership, free trade between buyers and sellers, and competition mixed economy market-based economic system with limited government involvement. invisible hand a term coined by Adam Smith to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace laissez faire the doctrine that states that government generally should have little or no involvement in the marketplace comparative advantage the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers. absolute advantage the ability to produce more of a given product using a given amount of resources free enterprise The freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation. capitalism economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit incentives Used to change behavior in order to persuade people to take certain economic actions. Ex. profit and the ownership of private property are incentives to start a business consumer sovereignty the role of consumer as the ruler of the market, determining what products will be produced profit motive To be motivated by the desire to make money. private ownership property/resources that individuals own and control; a core principle of capitalism role of government To maintain legal and social framework, overcome market failure by providing public goods and services, maintain competition, redistribute income, correct for externalities, to protect individuals and their property rights, stabilize the economy government regulation a rule that a government establishes and enforces to protect the public or provide equal access to specific goods, and services. deregulation the removal of some government controls over a market privatization To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control. income redistribution Transfer payments paid by government that take income from some people through taxation and uses it to help citizens in need--Ex. Social Security, Medicare, WIC, disability, etc. public goods and services Goods and services provided by the government that are non-rivalrous and non-excludable and cannot be withheld from those who don't pay for them. Benefits that may be "consumed" by one person without reducing the amount of the product available for others. Government provides public goods and services because of market failure--which means that the market has no incentive to provide these goods. Public goods and services are paid for with taxes received from businesses and individuals. Examples include national defense, streetlights, and roads and highways. Public services include welfare programs, law enforcement, and monitoring and regulating trade and the economy. private goods Goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption, Goods that, when consumed by one individual, cannot be consumed by another externalities costs that are not calculated into the price; spillovers--Ex. Pollution standard of living a measure of quality of life based on the amounts and kinds of goods and services a person can buy inputs labor, technology, machinery, buildings, and other resources used to produce output outputs goods and services that firms produce; productivity productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input; ratio of output to input economic goals economic growth, full employment, economic efficiency, price level stability, economic freedom, an equitable distribution of income, economic security, balance of trade redistribution of income The transfer of income through government taxation, spending and assistance programs targeted at particular income groups. The goal is to transfer money from higher-income groups to lower-income groups. capital investments firms purchase of new machines and buildings. firms invest in capital goods to increase their capacity to produce more goods and services in order to maximize profits market failures when free market doesn't provide needed good/services or when free market hurts people property rights The rights of an individual or business to own, use, rent, invest in, buy, and sell property. Six Broad economic goals Economic efficiency - refers to how well scarce productive resources are allocated to produce the goods and services people want and how well inputs are used in the production process to keep production costs as low as possible. Economic security This refers to protecting consumers, producers, and resource owners from risks that exist in society. Each society must decide from which uncertainties individuals can and should be protected, and whether individuals, employers, or the government should provide or pay for this protection...(health care for elderly; Social Security, disability; unemployment compensation, etc.) Economic equity - This means what is "fair". Economic actions and policies have to be evaluated in terms of what people think is right or wrong. Equity issues often arise in questions dealing with the distributions of income and wealth. Economic stability - This refers to maintaining stable prices and full employment and keeping economic growth reasonably smooth and steady. Price stability means avoiding inflation or deflation. Full employment occurs when an economy's scarce resources, especially labor, are fully utilized. Economic freedom - refers to such things as the freedom for consumers to decide how to spend or save their incomes, the freedom of workers to change jobs and join unions, and the freedom of individuals to establish new businesses or close old ones. Economic Growth This refers to increasing the production of goods and services over time. Economic growth is measured by changes in the level of real gross domestic product (GDP). A target annual growth rate of 3 to 4 percent in real GDP is generally considered to be reasonable and sustainable. caveat emptor "let the buyer beware" ceteris paribus All else equal - with other conditions remaining the same: Ex. shorter hours of labor will, ceteris paribus, reduce the volume of output Federal Trade Commission A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. free rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Two main types of economics Microeconomics focuses on the actions of individuals and industries, like the dynamics between buyers and sellers, borrowers and lenders--small segments of the economy Macroeconomics, on the other hand, takes a much broader view by analyzing the economic activity of an entire country or the international marketplace. Adam Smith Adam Smith is often described as the " father of economics"; the theory about markets was developed by Adam Smith...wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Karl Marx 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Marx believed that communism would replace capitalism. Believed in a classless society. David Ricardo English political economist, David Ricardo formulated the idea of comparative advantage—the main basis for support of free trade today. It is based on the idea that a nation produces those goods and services that it has the lowest opportunity cost of producing and trades with other nations for goods and services they can produce at a lower opportunity cost. John Maynard Keynes English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation () non-rivalrous and non-excludable Public goods and services afre non-rivalrous and non excludable Non-rivalrous - Additional consumption does not add to the cost of production non-excludable - Regardless of who pays for it, one person consuming it; does not deny another person of the right to consume it--streetlights; sidewalks, etc.. distribution of income way in which the nation's income is divided among families, individuals, or other designated groups--Wealth inequality in the U.S. is at its highest levels ever. The top 0.1% own about the same share of wealth as the bottom 90%. anti-trust laws laws to control monopolies and preserve and promote competition tinstaafl There is no such thing as a free lunch--Everything has a cost--nothing is free. Adam Smith Wrote "wealth of nations" advocated free trade and market economy along with the idea of laissez faire; or government not involving themselves in the economy. externalities A "spillover" effect of an action that affects a third party other than the buyer or seller--can be negative (cigarette smoke/pollution) or positive (benefiting from someone's security system) intellectual property A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc. labor Work marginal utility an additional amount of satisfaction or usefulness thinking at the margin deciding whether to do or use one additional unit of some resource--time, money, energy, effort, etc. specialization Goods and services are produced in better quality, quantity and speed when business focus on producing a few things (mass production and assembly line). natural monopoly a market that runs most efficiently when one large firm supplies all of the output--utility companies--electric, gas, nuclear power plants, water, etc. economies of scale Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production--monopolies and oligopolies have economies of scale competition Occurs when two or more sellers offering the same goods and services--competitions keeps prices low and quality high