NAVLE | 279 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+

Treatment of Stringhalt - Tenectomy of the *lateral extensor tendon* Which toxin causes SLUD signs in horses: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, bradycardia - -Organophosphates: used in insecticides -Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing accumulation of ACh at postsynaptic receptors -Tx: atropine, but the antidote is *pralidoxime* chloride Plants that lead to cyanide poisoning - *Chokecherry* (Prunus sp) *Hydrangea* *Johnson grass* (Sorghum) Tx: sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate Poisonous nitrate-accumulating plants (ruminants) - -*Pigweed, Nightshades (Solanum), Sorghum* -Methemoglobinemia: *chocolate colored blood* -Muddy MM, tremors, dyspnea, convulsions -Tx: methylene blue Cardiotoxic plants - -*Milkweed*: cardiac glycoside, *acute death* -*Oleander*: contains cardiac glycosides & oleandrin -Foxglove (*Digitalis purpurea*)- contains cardiac glycosides, increase contractility & decrease HR -*Lily-of-the-valley* (Convallaria majalis): Contains >20 cardiac glycosides, digitalis-like action -*Yew*: contains taxine alkaloids A & B, inhibit cardiac depolarization -*Azalea* (Rhododendron)- contains andromedotoxins, bind membrane Na+ channels, similar to digitalis Plants that causes primary photosensitization - -St. John's wort (*Hypericum* perforatum)-Buckwheat -Ryegrass -Whiteheads Plants that causes secondary photosensitization (impaired hepatic function reduces excretion of plant pigments) - -Blue-green algae -Brassica sp. -Groundsel (Senecio sp) -Crotalaria sp -Amsinckia intermedia (aka fiddleneck, fireweed, tarweed): contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids This toxin can cause reproductive failure in horses - Fescue Most common bacterial pathogen of fish: furunculosis of salmonids, goldfish ulcer disease, carp erythrodermatitis, & trout ulcer disease - Aeromonas salmonicida Effects of Yellow Starthistle in horses - -Tremor of the lips and tongue -*Nigropallidal encephalomalacia*: marked dystonia of the facial muscles -Unable to prehend feed How can you determine a bitch's fertile period? - -4-7 days after LH peak -2-5 days after ovulation How can you predict a bitch's whelping date? - -65 days after LH peak -63 days after ovulation -57 days after 1st day of diestrus Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in dogs - -U/S at 20 days, mineralized > 45 days -Palpation starting at day 25-45-*Relaxin* assay starting at day 25 (FP with early embryonic death)- only hormone strictly associated with pregnancy -Radiographs starting at 45 days Gullian-Barre syndrome is an acute demyelinating polyneuropathy of humans that has been associated with a foodborne illness & which agent? - Campylobacter jejuni Undercooked chicken & raw milk Clinical signs of cauda equina neuritis - -LMN signs, paresis, paralysis -Chewing the tail head -Hypotonic anus, fecal retention, urinary incontinence (urine scalding of thighs) -Hindlimb ataxia.