PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 5 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS PORTAGE LEARNING 2023/2024 GRADED A+.

PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 5 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS PORTAGE LEARNING 2023/2024 GRADED A+. 2 / 3 1. Main functions ofthe respiratory system: (1) deliver oxygen to the cells of body. (2) remove carbon dioxide from body. 2. upper respiratory tract: outside chest cavity(nose, and nasopharynx; down to the larynx). 3. lower respiratory tract: organs within chest(trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs). 4. alveoli: microscopic sacs where oxygen diffuses across and exchanged for car-bon dioxide when a person breathes in air 5. the diffused oxygen is then taken to the rest of the body through the: circu-latory system 6. Several common diseasesthat affect airways and exchange of gas: asthma,COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis 7. Asthma: general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resultingfrom the narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles. 8. COPD: consists of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. 9. emphysema: a disease process involving inflammation of the alveoli. 10. chronic bronchitis: chronic inflammation or irritation on the lower respiratorytract, specifically the bronchi. 11. The primary drugs used in the treatment of both asthma and COPD: bron-chodilators and a variety of anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents. 12. All three of these diseases have one primary similarity: they all involveobstruction of airflow through the airways. 13. Chemical Mediators: are defined as a substance released from mast cells andwhite blood cells during inflammation and allergic reactions. As such, chemical mediators are responsible for most of the symptoms and complications associatedwith asthma and COPD. 14. The only chemical mediator with a known involvement where drug therapyhas been shown to help patient symptoms is: Leukotrienes 15. Leukotrienes: are potent bronchoconstrictors with a long duration of action.They stimulate receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction, edema and other inflammatory actions. 16. leukotriene inhibitors: a class of drugs that inhibit these actions and have animportant role in 3 / 3 treating asthma specifically. 17. Asthma pathophysiology: -narrowing of the bronchioles can be caused bybronchospasm, inflammation, edema and the production of mucus. -This ultimately obstructs airflow meaning that the carbon dioxide cannot t get outand the oxygen cannot get in. 4 / 3 18. Emphysema pathophysiology: -occurs when the airspaces enlarge as a resultof the destruction of the alveolar walls. -The cause of this appears to be enzymes that are released in response to inflam-mation. -Hyperinflation is the result of the air spaces being enlarged. -This results in a reduction in gas exchange and the feeling of shortness of breath. 19. chronic bronchitis pathophysiology: irritants cause mucus secretions to in-crease and thicken which can begin to interfere with gas exchange within lungs. 20. Drug therapy for both asthma and COPD: Bronchodilation (historically) andanti-inflammatory (more recently popular) and are often used in combination 21. Bronchodilation: include medications that improve ai