QUIZ #1 INFECTION CONTROL, NURSING PROCESS, HYGIENE, SAFETY, MOBILITY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

What is normal flora? Microorganisms that normally inhabit various body sites and are part of the body's natural defense system What are opportunists? An etiology (infectious) agent that may be harmful Brainpower Read More 0:09 / 0:15 What is an opportunistic infection? An infection caused by an etiological agent that overwhelms a weakened immune system What is nosocomial? Something originating or taking place in the hospital What is an iatrogenic infection? An infection as a result of a tx or diagnostic procedure What is assessed for infection control in the nursing process? 1.)Patient's immunization status 2.)Any previous infections 3.)Hx of current illness 4.)S/S of local/systemic infection 5.) Lab data (increased white blood cells, pathogen in urine, sputum, other cultures) What are the s/s of a local infection? -Redness -Swelling -Warmth -Pain -Tenderness -Loss of function in affected area What are s/s of a systemic infection? -Fever -Increase pulse and RR -Lethargy -Anorexia -Tender/enlarged lymph nodes When is hand hygiene required? -Before and after contact with each patient -Before donning and after doffing gloves -Before invasive procedures -After contact with body fluids, wound dressings, or visibly soiled -Moving from contaminated to clean body sites during patient care -After contact with inanimate objects What is an infectious agent? Infection causing (pathogens) microorganisms -Bacteria ( most common) -Virus (smallest agent) -Fungus -Parasite, Helminth, Prion, Protozoa What are reservoirs? Natural habitat for development of agents -People (symptomatic vs. carrier) -Animals (vectors) -Soil -Food -Water -Objects (fomites) What are interventions between infectious agents and reservoirs? -Hand Hygiene -Sterilization of objects -Sterile and clean technique -Personal health (immunizations, abx, diet, exercise, sleep) What are portals of exit? Point of escape from reservoir What are interventions between reservoirs and portals of exit? -Hand hygiene -Surgical and medical asepsis -Standard precautions -Transmission-based precautions -Sterile supplies -Disposable supplies What are means of transmission? Route or escape from reservoir How are means of transmission transported? -Airborne -Droplet -Contact (direct vs. indirect-fomite) What are the interventions between portals of exit and means of transmission? -Hand hygiene -Medical and surgical asepsis -Standard precautions -Sterile and disposable supplies -Intact wound dressing What are portals of entry? Organism enters a new host (often similar to exit routes) -Respiratory -GI -Urinary -Non-intact skin -Mucus membranes -Invasive procedures What are interventions between means of transmission and portals of entry? -Hand hygiene -Pesticides (vectors) -Refrigeration -Medical and surgical asepsis -Standard precautions -Transmission-based precautions Define susceptibility Hosts degree of resistance of pathogens -Microorganism must overcome host's defense (hosts immune system competence) Define virulence The agents potential for infection What is a susceptible host? A compromised host with impaired defenses: -Age -Genetics -Nutrition -Stress -Illness -Medical therapies -Immune suppression What are the interventions between portals of entry and susceptible host? -Hand hygiene -Medical and surgical asepsis -Standard precautions -Transmission-based precautions -Proper disposal of sharps What are interventions between susceptible host and infectious agent? -Immunizations -Screen healthcare staff -Clinical compliance at UMSON (flu shot, TB testing, MMR, varicella, HepB, tetanus) What are the stages of infection? 1.)Incubation period 2.)Promdromal stage 3.)Full stage of illness 4.)Convalescent period Describe the incubation period -Period between pathogen invasion and symptoms -Pathogen growth and multiplication Describe the prodromal stage -Early s/s -Erupt over hours to days -Malaise, low grade temp, generalized weakness -Most contagious, yet unaware Describe the full stage of illness -Presence of s/s (localized and systemic) -Infection type determines length and severity of illness Describe the convalescent period -S/s disappear -Recovery -May vary according to severity of infection What is the first line of infection defense? normal flora What is the inflammatory response? Protective response to infection and injury. Eliminates pathogen and repairs tissue -Vascular stage -Cellular stage -Local infection -Systemic infection Describe the vascular stage of the inflammatory response -Initial vasoconstriction, followed by vasodilation and results in increased blood flow-->redness and heat -Histamine released results in increased permeability for protein-rich fluid-->swelling, pain, loss of fxn Describe the cellular stage of the inflammatory response -WBCs (exudate: serous, sanguineous, purulent) -Regeneration/replacement What is the immune response of the infection defense? Protective response to foreign protein (antigen) -Protects and defend invading microorganism -Humoral and Cellular immunity Describe the humoral immunity of the immune response Antigen-antibody reaction Describe the cellular immunity of the immune response Increased WBCs (lymphocytes)