NURSING SAFETY AND INFECTION CONTROL ATI-45 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024

bacteria staphylococcus, E-coli, mycobacterium tuberculosis viruses organisms that use the hosts genetic mechinery to reproduce HIV, Hep, Herpes Zoster, Herpes simplex Brainpower Read More 0:03 / 0:15 fungi molds and yeast candida albicans, asperigillus prions protein particles that cause disease creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease parasites protozoa, helminths, arthropods malaria, worms, schistosoma Native immunity Restricts entry or immediately responds to a foreign organism through the activation of phagocytic cells, complement, and inflammation passive immunity Antibodies acquired from an outside source, such as another person. No memory cells specific adaptive immunity allows the body to make antibodies in response to a foreign organism (antigen) active immunity antibodies are produced during an immune response chain of infection factors that lead to the transmission or spread of disease causative agent bacteria, virus, fungus, prion, parasite reservoir human, animal, food, organic matter on inanimate surfaces, water, soil, insects portal of exit a way for the causative agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing ex. blood, saliva, contact mode of transmission a way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live contacts, droplet, airborne, vector borne contact transmission direct contact, person to person, object to person, failing to wash hands after bathroom, droplet transmission sneezing, coughing, talking airborne transmission sneezing and coughing vector-borne transmission animals transmitting disease from one host to another portal of entry a way for the causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host susceptible host a person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak Stages of infection incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence incubation interval between the pathogen entering the body and the presentation of the first symptom prodromal stage interval from onset of general symptoms to more distinct symptoms. During this time, the pathogen is multiplying illness stage the interval when symptoms specific to the infection occur convalescence Interval when acute symptoms disappear. Total recovery could take days to months. people at risk for infection no hand hygiene, immunocompromised, had surgery, indwelling devices, breaks in the skin, poor o2, impaired circulation, chronic illness, poor hygiene, crowded environment, older people, etc expected findings of infection fever, chills when temp is high, diaphoresis when temp is low, increased pulse, increased respirations, malaise, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarhea, enlarged lymph nodes Lab test for infection WBC higher then 10,000 ESR over 20mm/hr diagnosis procedures of infection gallium scan, radioactive gallium citrate, xrays, ct, MRI gallium scan nuclear scan that uses radioactive substance to identify hot spots of WBC radioactive gallium citrate injected by IV and accumulates in area of inflammation Airborne precautions -used to protect against droplet infections smaller than 5mcg (measles, varicella, pulmonary or laryngeal TB) -require a private room, masks/respiratory devices for caregivers and visitors (N95 or HEPA respirator for known/suspected TB), and negative pressure airflow exchange room of at least 6 exchanges per hr Droplet precautions Droplet precautions: Focus on diseases that are transmitted by large droplets expelled into the air and travel 3 to 6 feet from the patient. Droplet precautions require the wearing of a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient, proper hand hygiene, and some dedicated-care equipment. An example is a patient with influenza. contact precautions Contact precautions: Used for direct and indirect contact with patients and their environment. Direct contact refers to the care and handling of contaminated body fluids. An example includes blood or other body fluids from an infected patient that enter the health care worker's body through direct contact with compromised skin or mucous membranes. Indirect contact involves the transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated intermediate object such as contaminated instruments or hands of health care workers. The health care worker may transmit microorganisms from one patient site to another if hand hygiene is not performed between patients Protective precautions Protects uninfected clients with decreased immunity from acquiring infectious organisms. Also called reverse or neutropenic precautions Antiphyretic used for fever and discomfort aspirin/acetaminophen antimicrobial therapy kills or inhibits the growth of organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans). either kill pathogen or prevent their growth. give antihelmintics for worm infestations. there are currently no tx for prions. considerations: administer antimicrobial therapy as prescribed. monitor for med. effectiveness (reduced fever, and increase in the level of comfort, decreasing WBC count). maintain a med schedule to assure consistent therapeutic blood levels of the antibiotic.