Praxis 5134 - Photography & Digital Art Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Praxis 5134 - Photography & Digital Art Questions and Answers 100% Pass Aperture (F-Stop) -the size of the opening of the lens of the camera when the picture is taken. -Aperture is expressed in F-Stops (ex: f/5.6) - F stops are a way of describing the size of aperture, or how open or closed the aperture is. -a smaller f-stop means a larger aperture while a larger f-stop means a smaller aperture.z Diaphragram -the iris of the lens that controls the size (diameter) of aperture is called "diaphragm" in optics -purpose: to block or stop all light, with the exception of the light that goes through the aperture. Depth of Field -distance between nearest and farthest objects in a scene that are considered acceptably sharp -size of aperture has a direct impact on depth of field. -large f-number as f/32 (smaller aperture) will bring all foreground and background objects in focus, while a small f-numbers such as f/1.4 (larger aperture) will isolate the foreground from the background by making the foreground objects sharp and background blurry. -the larger the aperture opening, the smaller area in focus (depth of field). Picture Plane - a plane which is located between the eye paint and the object is being viewed upon which an image of the object is photographed. Exposure amount of light that enters the lens and strikes the film or sensor. Shutter Speed -length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the camera sensor (faster the shutter speed, shorter the exposure time). - slow shutter speeds allow more light into the camera sensor and are used for low-light and night photography; fast shutter speed is good for "freezing" the action of a subject in motion -in fraction of seconds -examples of shutter speeds (1/1000, 1/500, 1/125, 1/60, 1/30, 1/15, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2) B (Bulb) -the shutter speed dial setting that will hold the aperture open as long as the release is pressed; used for low light conditions or time exposures Fast or Slow lenses - the terms refer to the width of maximum aperture for lenses. - a lens that opens to f/1.4 opens wider and is said to be faster than one that opens only f/2 - faster lenses allow you to shoot more easily in low light or at higher shutter speeds. Film speeds - the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system. - sensitive (faster) films have a higher ISO numbers and requires less exposure in order to make a properly-exposed picture. ISO - in traditional (film photography) - indication how sensitive a film was to light, measured in numbers (100, 200, 400, 800, etc) - the lower the number the lower the sensitivity of the film and the finer grain in the shots. ISO - digital photography - level of sensitivity of the camera (or image sensor) to available light; higher ISO number increases the sensitivity of the camera; Higher ISO settings are generally used in darker situations to get faster shutter speeds (However it might add grain or "noise" to the picture) Noise - small colored blotches in digital photography White Balance - different lightening conditions (daylight, incandescent light, fluorescent light) tend to push the colors in a photograph toward particular hue, so it is important to be able to adjust the camera to keep unwanted tints out of the photo. - white balance refers to the way the camera compensates for variation in light to keep colors constant. Optical Zoom - to obtain clarity in the distance - true zoom lens, like the zoom lens to use on a film camera. - produces much better quality images. Digital Zoom - some in-camera image processing - the camera enlarges the image area at the center of the frame and trims away the outside edges of the picture. - the result is the same as when you crop away the edges of the picture in photo-editing program then enlarging portion of the photo. Camera obscura - used in drawing, painting, and for entertainment in 18th century, one of the inventions that led to photography and the camera. - a darkened box with a convex lens for aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside 100 exposure box camera a simple camera invented in 1888 by George Eastman in which the entire camera was sent in for the film to be developed, reloaded, and returned to the sender Daguerroeotype - photograph taken by early photographic process (early 1840s and the late 1850s), employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor. - developed by Louis Jacques Mande ______ - image appears to be floating in space and the illusion of reality. SLR - Single Lens Reflex (a film camera) 50mm SLR - most popular and most similar to human eye DSLR Digital Single Lens Reflex - digital camera combining the optics and mechanisms of SLR camera with a digital imaging sensor, as opposed to photographic theme SLR and DSLR Technology DSLR and SLR both reflect light that enters through lens using a mirror so that an image can be seen in a viewfinder. However, SLR camera uses film made of plastic, gelatin, and other materials to record the image - DSLR captures the image digitally, on a memory card. Iconometer -photographic view finder (sometimes separate from the camera). - measures size and distance to an object by measuring its image. Bracketing taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings Photogram - rayographs - an image made by placing objects directly on light sensitive paper, exposing the paper to light. Rule of Thirds - rule states that image should be imagined as divided into 9 equal parts by 2 equally spaced horizontal lines and 2 vertical lines, and that important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or intersections. - creates more tension, energy, and interest in the composition Telephoto a lens of 70mm or more Solarization - technique of Man Ray; reversal of tones in a photography by exposure to very bright light, Dark Room Process (developing photos) - the paper that has been exposed is processed, first by immersion in photographic developer - halt development with a stop bath - fix a photo in a photographic fixer - print is washed to remove the processing chemicals and dried. - toning can be another additional steps Emulsion - silver in a gelatin solution Resolution - describes the detail an image holds (higher resolution means more image detail) Pixels - dots that make up an image - depends on the resolution for display screen (smaller resolution, pixel will be larger than the physical size of the screen's dot pitch which means that pixel will use more than one dot. RGB - red, green, blue - specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of 3 components of color spectrum (red, green, blue); based in the human perception of color Bitmap or Raster Formats - data stored in grid of width x height pixels with each pixel having a color value. Bitmap or Raster Formats Disadvantage it is constructed using a fixed number of colored pixels, they can't be dramatically resized without compromising their resolution Bitmap or Raster Format File types .jpg, .gif, .png, .tif Vector Formats - made of hundreds of thousands lines and curves in creating an image. - constructed using mathematical equations and geometric primitives (points, lines, and shapes) - excellent for creating graphics that frequently require resizing (company logo and brand graphics). Vector Format File Types .ai, .eps, .pdf, .svg Pixels Per Inch - measurement of the pixel (resolution) of an electronic image device (computer monitor, television display, camera, image scanner, etc). - also describe the resolution, in pixels, of an image file (100x100 pixel image printed in a 1 cm square has a resolution of 100 pixels per centimeter. DPI (Dots per Inch) -output resolution of a printer or image setter. -refers to the physical dot density of an image when it is reproduced as printing onto a paper (increasing in the size of halftone dots during printing). Higher DPI -clearer and more detailed output; colors look better and blends between colors are smoother; better tonality of the image. CLUT Color look up table- 256 colors found in an 8 bit image Giclee - Neologism coined in 1991; produces high quality prints. - by printmaker Jack Duganne for fine art digital prints made on inkjet printers CMYK - Cyan (blue), Magenta, Yellow, and Key (black) - subtractive colors used in inkjet printers to form a color photograph. - you start with nothing (white paper) and as you add more colors it eventually turns black. - CMY combined create muddy black color, but Key is added to improve density. JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group - compression of a digital file that can be made smaller, making it easier to store and transfer - compression is executed by selectively removing data from image file (does not sharpen details or outer proportions). - when JPEG editing, slight degradation occurs with each new file save. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) - uncompressed image showing the full detail of the image with no quality loss. - TIFF images are very large and can take large amounts of storage space. - When TIFF image is created in the camera, the camera takes the RAW image from the camera's sensor and converts it into the TIFF format using the settings in the camera's menu. - TIFF is lossless, if no compression is selected, there is no loss of quality each time a file is amended and saved. RAW - lossless file (all of the data stored) - actual data straight from camera's image sensor onto the card (they are not processed by the camera at all and represent the purest image, as taken). - not an image file and uncompressed (ex: 8 mega-pixel camera will produce 8MG RAW file). Photoshop An Adobe application that allows a user to create and modify graphics. Typography the style, arrangement, and appearance of text Font the size, style, and design of text Iconoscope Used in early video cameras to convert light into electric waves, thereby creating a projected image. Montage a technique in film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information Pan A camera movement with the camera body turning to the right or left. On the screen, it produces a mobile framing that scans the space horizontally. Stop Action animation Method in which clay and other objects are posed, photographed, then moved Clay animation or clay-mation - stop motion animation using plasticine