ISM 4220 Chapter 2 (A+ Graded Already)

ARPANET correct answers The Internet has its roots in a network that became functional in 1969, linking scientific and academic researchers across the United States. - The internet grew out of this research network funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). DARPA funded it to explore the then-new technology of packet switching (now called frame switching). - Had 4 sites, all research centers and schools, each site had a switch called an interface message processor (IMP). IMPs exchanged packets (now called frame) through 56 kbps, which was super fast for the time ARAPNET needed: correct answers Standards. - This network would be useless without many added standards. - There had to be standards for hosts to communicate with their IMPs. And there had to be application standards if the network was to be useful. Network Working Group correct answers They knew a vacuum existed in standards setting and the importance of standard, they created a team to do it themselves and called it this and asked others to join them. - When they came up with a standard, they didn't call it that because they felt they lacked the authority to do so. They called it Request for Comments (RFCs). Today, new standards are still RFCs , as are other documents - Took a weekend to write the software for e-mail. E-mail quickly dominated use of the ARPANET Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) correct answers A group of volunteers, private citizens, government officials, etc. who promote internet standards - Took over Internet standards development after the Network Working Group - No formal membership - Rejects kings, presidents, and voting. Believe in rough consensus and running code. Strong egalitarian culture. Action oriented. - In the IETF, almost all standards are created based on running demonstration systems. Experience identifies unforeseen problems and solves them before standards are made. Simple standards correct answers - Demonstration code is simple - IETF RFCs even have simple in their name (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol standardizes communication among mail servers) Network standards correct answers Rules of operation that specify how two hardware or software processes work together by exchanging messages Importance of standards correct answers Allow products from different vendors to interoperate (work together effectively). The client program is from Apple, and the server program is from Microsoft. These companies often dislike each other, but their products work together because they exchange messages using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) network standard