Testbank Psychology 2nd Edition for OpenStax 9781975076450

Testbank Psychology 2nd Edition for OpenStax 9781975076450 Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Review Questions 1. Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychologystudents would beexposed? 2 | P a g eAnswer D. all of the above 3. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) . Answer D. proposed explanation 5. is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. Answer C. Abraham Maslow 7. The operant conditioning chamber (aka box) is a device used to study theprinciples ofoperant conditioning. Answer A. Skinner 9. An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) . Answer C. personality 11. A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for agiven job wouldmost likely identify as a(n) psychologist. Answer D. I-O 13. The places less emphasis on research and more emphasis onapplication oftherapeutic skills. Answer B. PsyD 15. One would need at least a(n) Answer 3 | P a g e degree to serve as a school psychologist.C. master’s Critical Thinking Questions 17. Why do you think many people might be skeptical about psychology being a science? Answer One goal of psychology is the study of the mind. Science cannot directly study the mind,because it isnot a form of matter or energy. This might create some skepticism about thescientific nature of psychology. 19. In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviorist approach to psychology areaction to? Answer Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologistsof the mindwho were studying things that were not directly observable. 21. What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram’s research onobedience? Answer Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no one was actually harmed in Milgram’s study, many people have questioned how the knowledgethat you would be willingto inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person, simply because someone in authority told you to do so, would affect someone’s self-concept and psychological health. Furthermore, the degree to which deception was used in this particular study raises a few eyebrows. 23. Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individualwould continueon to get a graduate degree in psychology? Answer The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology- related field and one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It 4 | P a g ewould allow one to practice in a clinical setting. In general, it would allow someone to work in a more independent or supervisory capacity. Chapter 2: Psychological Research Review Questions 1. Scientific hypotheses are Answer D. testable 3. Scientific knowledge is Answer B. empirical 5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in- depth interviews over anextended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): Answer B. case study 7. The major limitation of case studies is . Answer . and falsifiable. . 9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as Answer D. archival research 11. A(n) is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can beadministered in paperform. Answer 5 | P a g e _.D. survey 13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:Answer D. As height increases, typically weight increases. 15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number ofhours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? Answer D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams. 17. means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood ofbeing asked toparticipate in the study. Answer D. random sampling 19. Researchers must important concepts in their studies so others would havea clearunderstanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. Answer C. operationalize 21. is to animal research as Answer B. IACUC; IRB 23. A person’s participation in a research project must be . Answer C. voluntary 6 | P a g e is to human research.Critical Thinking Questions 25. In this section, there was a discussion about researchers arriving at different conclusions about the use of technology in certain student populations, with one study determining that a smartphone app forsurgery students seemed effective, but another study finding negative impacts on sleep, communication, and time management resulting from the use of technology by undergraduates. How might an educational leader best workthrough these discrepancies? Answer An educational leader may be able to focus resources and plans on the specific programs until furtherresearch is conducted that provides insight that can be appliedmore broadly. 27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particularresearch approach would be especially helpful and why? Answer Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, ifone wanted to study multiple personality disorder then the case study approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful. 29. Which of the research methods discussed would be best suited to study the impact ofdiet andexercise on the prevalence of a disease such as diabetes? Why? Answer Longitudinal research would be an excellent approach in studying how dietary and exercisehabits affect the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes because it would follow subjects as they aged to determine how their choices regarding diet and exercise affected the prevalence of diabetes. 31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a correlation between eating cereal and weight. Cereal companies that present this 7 | P a g einformation in theiradvertisements could lead someone to believe that eating more cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they make such a claimand what arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim? Answer The cereal companies are trying to make a profit, so framing the research findings in this way would improve their bottom line. However, it could be that people who forgo more fattyoptions for breakfastare health conscious and engage in a variety of other behaviors that help them maintain a healthy weight. 33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many researchers make use of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one popular convenience sample would involve students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses.What are the implications of using this samplingtechnique? Answer If research is limited to students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses, then our ability to generalize to the larger population would be dramatically reduced. One could also argue that students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses may not be representativeof the larger population of college students at their school, much less the larger general population. 35. Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agreewith this perspective? Given that animals do not consent to be involved in research projects, what sorts of extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment possible? Answer In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects placesextra responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animal is treated as humanely aspossible and to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the advancement of science. Like human research, theanimals themselves should also receive some of the benefits of the research, and they do in the form ofadvanced veterinary medicine, and so on. Chapter 3: Biopsychology Review Questions 8 | P a g e1. A(n) is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.Answer D. mutation 3. is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. Answer C. Epigenetics 5. The Answer D. dendrites 7. Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the . Answer B. myelin sheath 9. Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the nervo ussystem. Answer B. somatic 11. The central nervous system is comprised of Answer D. brain and spinal cord 13. The . receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons. is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell,goes beforebeing sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. Answer 9 | P a g eD. thalamus 15. A(n) uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. Answer B. MRI 17. The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: Answer D. glucagon and insulin 19. The gland secretes epinephrine. Answer A. adrenal Critical Thinking Questions 21. The theory of evolution by natural selection requires variability of a given trait. Whyis variabilitynecessary and where does it come from? Answer Variability is essential for natural selection to work. If all individuals are the same on a giventrait, therewill be no relative difference in their reproductive success because everyone will be equally adapted to their environments on that trait. Mutations are one source of variability, but sexual reproduction is another important source of variation given that individuals inherit half of their genetic makeup from each of their parents. 23. Drugs such as lidocaine and novocaine act as Na+ channel blockers. In other words, they prevent sodium from moving across the neuronal membrane. Why would this particulareffect make these drugssuch effective local anesthetics? Answer The action potential is initiated by an influx of Na+ into the neuron. If this process is 10 | P a g eprevented, then no action potentials in neurons in a given area will occur. Therefore, any painful stimuli would not result in action potentials carrying that information to the brain. 25. Examine Figure 3.14, illustrating the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation. How would all of these things play into the fight or flight response?Answer Most of these effects directly impact energy availability and redistribution of key resourcesand heightened sensory capacity. The individual experiencing these effects would be betterprepared to fightor flee. 27. Which of the techniques discussed would be viable options for you to determine howactivity in thereticular formation is related to sleep and wakefulness? Why? Answer The most viable techniques are fMRI and PET because of their ability to provideinformation about brainactivity and structure simultaneously. 29. Chemical messengers are used in both the nervous system and the endocrine system. What properties do these two systems share? What properties are different?Which one would be faster?Which one would result in long-lasting changes? Answer Both systems involve chemical messengers that must interact with receptors in order to have an effect. The relative proximity of the release site and target tissue varies dramatically between the two systems.In neurotransmission, reuptake and enzymatic breakdown immediately clear the synapse. Metabolism ofhormones must occur in the liver.Therefore, while neurotransmission is much more rapid in signaling information, hormonal signaling can persist for quite some time as the concentrations of the hormone in the bloodstream vary gradually over time. Chapter 4: States of Consciousness 11 | P a g eReview Questions 1. The body’s biological clock is located in the. Answer C. hypothalamus 3. cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours. Answer B. circadian 5. Growth hormone is secreted by the while we sleep. Answer C. pituitary gland 7. is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulatingbiological rhythmsand immune function. Answer B. melatonin 9. is(are) described as slow-wave sleep. Answer C. stage 3 and stage 4 11. Symptoms of Answer C. depression 13. Answer 12 | P a g e is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. may be improved by REM deprivation.C. cataplexy 15. The most common treatment for involves the use of amphetamine-like medications. Answer D. narcolepsy 17. occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order toexperiencethe same effects of the drug. Answer C. tolerance 19. refers to drug craving. Answer A. psychological dependence 21. is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion. Answer A. hypnosis 23. Meditation may be helpful in Answer D. both A and B (pain management and stress control) Critical Thinking Questions 25. Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What canbe done todeal with potential problems? Answer Given that rotating shift work can lead to exhaustion and decreased mental 13 | P a g e .efficiency, individuals working under these conditions are more likely to make mistakes on the job. The implications for this inthe health care professions are obvious. Those in health care professions could be educated about the benefits of light-dark exposure to help alleviatesuch problems. 27. If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would existbetween individuals’ total sleep duration and their level of activity? Answer Those individuals (or species) that expend the greatest amounts of energy would require thelongest periods of sleep. 29. Differentiate the evolutionary theories of sleep and make a case for the one withthe mostcompelling evidence. Answer One evolutionary theory of sleep holds that sleep is essential for restoration of resourcesthat are expended during the demands of day-to-day life. A second theory proposes thatour sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase indarkness. The first theory has little or no empirical support, and the second theory is supported by some, though not all, research. 31. Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individualsacting out theirdreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely? Answer Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. One of the hallmarks of this particular stage of sleep isthe paralysisof the voluntary musculature which would make acting out dreams improbable. 33. How is narcolepsy with cataplexy similar to and different from REM sleep? Answer Similarities include muscle atony and the hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcoleptic episodes. The differences involve the uncontrollable nature of narcoleptic attacks and the fact that these come on in situations that would normally not be 14 | P a g eassociatedwith sleep of any kind (e.g., instances of heightened arousal or emotionality). 35. Why are programs designed to educate people about the dangers of using tobacco products just as important as developing tobacco cessation programs? Answer Given that currently available programs designed to help people quit using tobacco products are not necessarily effective in the long term, programs designed to prevent people from using these products in the first place may be the best hope for dealing withthe enormous public health concerns associatedwith tobacco use. 37. What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness ofmeditation in thetreatment for some type of physical or mental disorder? Answer Ideally, double-blind experimental trials would be best suited to speak to the effectiveness of meditation. At the very least, some sort of randomized control trialwould be very informative. Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Review Questions 1. refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% ofthe time. Answer A. absolute threshold 3. involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses. Answer D. transduction 5. Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color 15 | P a g eas wemove fromshort wavelengths to long wavelengths? Answer B. yellow to orange to red 7. The electromagnetic spectrum includes . Answer D. all of the above 9. The quality of a sound that is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing of thesound wave isknown as . Answer D. timbre 11. operate best under bright light conditions. Answer A. cones 13. If you were to stare at a green dot for a relatively long period of time and then shiftyour gaze to ablank white screen, you would see a negative afterimage. Answer D. red 15. The three ossicles of the middle ear are known as . Answer D. both a and b (malleus, incus, and stapes and hammer, anvil, and stirrup) 17. Cues that require two ears are referred to as cues. Answer 16 | P a g eD. binaural 19. Which taste is associated with monosodium glutamate? Answer C. umami 21. Which of the following is involved in maintaining balance and body posture? Answer D. vestibular system 23. Our tendency to perceive things as complete objects rather than as a series of parts isknown as the principle of _. Answer A. closure 25. The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the . Answer D. figure Critical Thinking Questions 27. Please generate a novel example of how just noticeable difference can change as a function ofstimulus intensity. Answer There are many potential examples. One example involves the detection of weight differences. If twopeople are holding standard envelopes and one contains a quarter whilethe other is empty, the difference in weight between the two is easy to detect. However, if those envelopes areplaced insidetwo textbooks of equal weight, the ability to discriminate which is heavier ismuch more difficult. 17 | P a g e29. Why do you think humans are especially sensitive to sounds with frequencies that fall inthe middle portion of the audible range? Answer Once again, one could make an evolutionary argument here. Given that the human voice falls in this middle range and the importance of communication among humans, one could argue that it is quite adaptive to have an audible range that centers on this particular type ofstimulus. 31. Color is not a physical property of our environment. What function (if any) do you thinkcolor vision serves? Answer Color vision probably serves multiple adaptive purposes. One popular hypothesis suggests that seeing in color allowed our ancestors to differentiate ripened fruits and vegetables more easily. 33. How can temporal and place theories both be used to explain our ability to perceivethe pitch ofsound waves with frequencies up to 4000 Hz? Answer Pitch of sounds below this threshold could be encoded by the combination of the place andfiring rate ofstimulated hair cells. So, in general, hair cells located near the tip of the basilarmembrane would signal that we’re dealing with a lower-pitched sound. However, differences in firing rates of hair cells within this location could allow for fine discrimination between low-, medium-, and high-pitch sounds within the larger low-pitch context. 35. If you heard someone say that they would do anything not to feel the pain associated with significant injury, how would you respond given what you’ve justread? Answer Pain serves important functions that are critical to our survival. As noxious as pain stimuli may be, the experiences of individuals who suffer from congenital insensitivity to pain makesthe consequences of a lack of pain all too apparent. 37. The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the whole is different from the sum of 18 | P a g eitsparts. Whatdoes this mean in the context of perception? Answer This means that perception cannot be understood completely simply by combining the parts. Rather, the relationship that exists among those parts (which would be establishedaccording to the principlesdescribed in this chapter) is important in organizing and interpreting sensory information into a perceptual set. Chapter 6: Learning Review Questions 1. Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in thedevelopment of ahuman being? Answer C. infant sucking on a nipple 3. Two forms of associative learning are and . Answer A. classical conditioning; operant conditioning 5. A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n). Answer B. neutral stimulus 7. Extinction occurs when . Answer A. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditionedstimulus 9. is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. Answer 19 | P a g eD. negative punishment 11. Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is . Answer A. shaping 13. The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a . Answer B. model 15. Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? Answer A. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation Critical Thinking Questions 17. Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How dothey differ? Answer Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning by association. In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and automatic; however, responses are voluntary and learned in operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the stimulus) comes before the behavior; in operant conditioning, the event that drives the behavior (the consequence) comes afterthe behavior. Also, whereas classical conditioning involves an organism forming an association between an involuntary (reflexive) response and a stimulus, operant conditioning involves an organism forming anassociation between a voluntary behavior and a consequence. 19. If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are theUCS, CS, andCR? Answer 20 | P a g eThe food being toasted is the UCS; the sound of the toaster popping up is the CS; salivatingto the soundof the toaster is the CR. 21. How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus? Answer This occurs through the process of acquisition. A human or an animal learns to connect aneutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During the acquisition phase, the neutralstimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is becoming the conditioned stimulus. At the end of the acquisition phase, learning has occurred and the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself. 23. What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? Answer In negative reinforcement you are taking away an undesirable stimulus in order to increasethe frequency of a certain behavior (e.g., buckling your seat belt stops the annoying beeping sound in your car and increases the likelihood that you will wear your seatbelt). Punishment is designed to reduce a behavior (e.g., you scold your child for running into thestreet in order to decrease the unsafe behavior.) 25. What is the effect of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling? Answer Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocialmodeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors. Chapter 7: Thinking and IntelligenceReview Questions 1. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of Answer B. human thinking 21 | P a g e .3. Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept? Answer B. a triangle’s area 5. provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences. Answer D. Syntax 7. The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of . Answer D. semantics 9. A specific formula for solving a problem is called. Answer A. an algorithm 11. Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem? Answer A. anchoring bias 13. Fluid intelligence is characterized by . Answer D. being able to see complex relationships and solve problems 15. Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence? Answer 22 | P a g eC. Sternberg 17. In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on . Answer B. a representative sample 19. Who developed the IQ test most widely used today? Answer D. David Wechsler 21. Where does high intelligence come from? Answer C. both A and B (genetics and environment) 23. What is a learning disability? Answer B. a neurological disorder Critical Thinking Questions 25. Describe a social schema that you would notice at a sporting event. Answer Answers will vary. When attending a basketball game, it is typical to support your team bywearing theteam colors and sitting behind their bench. 27. How do words not only represent our thoughts but