NURSING RESEARCH METHODS AND CRITICAL APPRAISALFOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE9TH EDITION TEST BANK BY GERI

NURSING RESEARCH METHODS AND CRITICAL APPRAISALFOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE9TH EDITION TEST BANK BY GERI Ch. 1Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action Pg.3-11 Nursing Images throughout history The naughty nurse-thesexy nurseimage arosein the 20th century with burlesque shows. The MilitaryImage – nurses are portrayed in uniform providing support at the battlefield Hospitalers- specialized soldiers during the crusade who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured The Angel of Mercy- is serene and content, is usually shown with a halo or other religious symbol. Until 100 years ago, nurses cared for patients at great risks to themselves.Even asrecently asthe1950’s, antibiotics were notreadily available, and the chief cause of mortality was infectious disease. -History demonstrates a strong link between nursing and religiousorders. - Thevaluesofservice and devotion tothe patient faded along with theinfluenceof Christianity during the 14th to the 16th centuries (renaissance) The Handmaiden-Thisstereotype portraysthemale physician asthe dominant role, this perception of nursing has changed with nurses doing more collaboration, planning and providing care not only the direction of the physicians but also along with them. - Although the handmaiden image was more widespread in the past,even then not all nurses considered themselves to be subservient to physicians The Battle-Ax- the nurse at the “torturer”, treating her patients with cruelty and disdain. Care giving activitiescontributetothe persistenceof the battle-aximage- drawing blood, giving injections…. Describetheroleof religion in the developmentof nursing. In Eygpt, ancient Greece and Rome, temples were health centers as well as places of worship. Nurses started off in monasteries but moved to hospitals dueto persecution. Ancient writings describe nursing responsibilities/attributes to include: knowledge of the preparation, compounding, and administration of drugs, wisdom, purity and devotion to the patient. The association of nursing with religion has not always been positive During the15th and 19th centuries, theinfluenceof Christianity began to wane and many nurses with religious orders fled to avoid imprisonment and death. There was a shift in medicine that moved practitioners from monasteries to universities. -Many nursing programs arestill affiliated with religious groups. Identifythefactorsthat led tothechangeof nursing from a vocation of men and women to a predominantly female profession WAR Define nursing in yourown words. Nurses assist theindividualsick or well in activitiesthatcontributeto health or it’s recovery, or a peaceful death. Theinternationalcouncilof nurses definition: pg 11. “ Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick and well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness and thecareof ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promoting of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.” Florence Nightingales contributions to nursing: The establishment of nursing as a distinct profession Introduction of a broadbased liberaleducation for nurses Major reform in the delivery of care in hospitals Theintroduction ofstandardstocontrol thespread of diseaseof hospitals ( epidemiology), decrease of nosocomial infections Majorreformsin healthcarefor the military Lilian Wald and Mary BrewsterFounded the Henry Street Settlement in New York to improve the health and social conditionsof poor immigrants, thisisconsidered thestartof public health nursing in the U.S. White Women- About 82% of RN’s are white,6% are male. Major nursing organizations agree that we need a more diversified nursing force. Examplesof nursing activities Dependent activities -Administering prescribed medication -Assisting with a diagnostictest - Administering IVfluids -Ensuring that the patient received the prescribed diet Independent Activities -Evaluating the patient’sresponseto medication and withholding the next doseif the patient has a negative reaction -Teaching the patient what toexpect fromthe diagnostictest , preparing the patient for the test. -Evaluating the patient’s responseto treatment, monitoring the flow rate -Teaching a pregnant woman about additional nutrients needed in her diet. Full-spectrum nurse: Nurses useclinical judgement,critical thinking, and problem solving astheycarefor patients. ClinicalJudgment-involved observing,comparing,contrasting and evaluating theclient’s condition to determine where change has occurred. Critical thinking-is a reflectivethinking processthat involved collecting information, analyzing the adequacy and accuracy of the information. Problem solving-is a process by which nursesconsider an issue and attempt tofind a satisfactory solution to achieve the best outcomes. Learning outcomes… Pgs12-24 Differentiate among thevariousformsofeducation Practical and Vocational Nursing Education • Known asLVNsorLPNs • May attend oneof approximately1200 approved programs given at technical or community college • Usuallylasts a year in both classroom and clinical teaching • Aftercompleting education programmust pass NCLEX-PN exam Registered Nursing entryeducation • 5 educational pathways lead to an RN • Allmustcomplete NCLEX-RN o Diploma programs ▪ Last3yearsfocusesin clinicalexperiences o Associate degree programs ▪ Offered in communitycollege ▪ Account for 53% of RN programs in the U.S. o Baccalaureate degree programs ▪ Lasts at least 8 semesters ▪ About 42% of nursing programs o Master’sentry programs ▪ Usually has another baccalaureate degreein another field ▪ Programs are usually3yearsof full timestudy ▪ After education completion you are eligible to take licensing examand receivemaster’s degreein nursing o Doctoralentry ▪ Verylimited enrollment Graduate Nursing Education ▪ Master’s degree program o Prepares RNstofunction in a moreindependent role o Program usuallylasts 2 oryearsorlonger at the universitylevel ▪ Doctoral programs o Typicallystudent has Baccalaureate and a Masters degree o Preparesfor advanced clinical practice How Is Nursing Practice Regulated? ▪ Each stateenactsitsown nurse practice act ▪ Must belicensed as a nurse ▪ Statesrequire graduation froman approved nursing program ▪ Nursing is also guided by a standardsof practice o Provide a means by which a profession clearly describes the focus of its activities, the receipts of service, and the responsibilities