HESI A2 Biology Study Guide: Updated Guide Solution

Hierarchic Organizational system for nomenclature (Ans- Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Least) "Keep Penguins Cool Or Find Good Shelter" Scientific Method (Ans- Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Water (Ans- All life, and therefore biology , occurs in water. Properties of Water (Ans- 2 Hydrogen bonds Covalently bonded to Oxygen. Hydrogen Bonding between molecules. - High specific heat - Large bodies or water stabilize climates - Strong cohesive and adhesive properties - Water freezes forms a lattice crystal resulting in ice floating in water. - Polarity of water allows it to act as a universal solvent. - Water can be used to dissolve different solvents. Carbohydrates (Ans- Long chains, or polymers of sugar. Most importantly form the backbone of DNA and RNA. Saturated (Ans- Clogs arteries. NO DOUBLE BONDS in their hydrocarbon tail. SOLID @ room temperature. Unsaturated (Ans- Double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. LIQUID at room temperature. Phospholipids (Ans- Phosphate group (polar) soluble in water. Hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids is nonpolar and nonsoluble in water. Ex. Cell Membrane Steroids (Ans- Are lipids, which are precursors to hormones and drugs Proteins (Ans- They are Polymers of 20 molecules called Amino Acids. Enzymes are a type of protein, which catalyze different reactions or processes. LARGEST Biological Molecule Cell (Ans- Fundamental unit of biology Prokaryotic Cells (Ans- NO defined nucleus and NO membrane- bound organelles. Eukaryotic Cells (Ans- Membrane-enclosed nucleus and series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the genetic information contained in the nucleus. Nucleus (Ans- Contains DNA called Chromosomes. Ribosomes (Ans- Are organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and TRANSLATE the genetic instructions to produce PROTEINS. Bound ribosomes (Ans- Are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes (Ans- Are found in the cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (Ans- Attached to the nuclear membrane and consists of two continuous parts. Rough ER (Ans- Covered in RIBOSOMES and is responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and membrane production. Smooth ER (Ans- NO ribosomes. It functions in t