11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
BSC 2085 LECTURE
STUDY GUIDE FOR ALL TEST INCLUDING FINAL TEST
Important Note: This is not an all-inclusive study guide. The student must read and understand the
chapters in the test book plus study and see all the ancillaries provided by the publisher in its web page
in order to pass the test.
Study guide for Chapter 1. Objectives:
1. What is anatomy? Meaning “cutting open,” that denotes the study of the structure of internal
and external features of the body and how they relate to each other
2. What is pathological anatomy? A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of
disease
3. What is systemic physiology? Study of function within an organ system
4. Systemic anatomy? Study of structures of cardiovascular system (organ systems)
What is physiology? Study of function of anatomical structures
5. What is Surface anatomy? Study of the external features of the body
6. What is Regional Anatomy? Study of anatomy within a specific region of the body (Study of
anatomical organization of specific areas of body such as neck or trunk)
7. What is Embryology? The branch of biology that studies the development of sex cells fertilization
8. What is Cytology? Study of cells
9. What is Histology? Study of tissues - structure of muscle tissue
10. Levels of Organization of the matter? Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
11. Systems. Organs of each system includes all the organs of a system interacting to accomplish a
common goal
12. Functions of every system
13. Anatomical position. Describe it (Palms forward, feet together, standing erect, arms and hands
at sides, eyes straight ahead)
14. Supine position. Describe it (Lying on back)
15. Prone position. . Describe it (Lying face down)
16. Directional terms are used to describe one body part in relation to another. Describe: (cephalic
or cranial/HEAD)- caudal, proximal-distal, (anterior/FRONT or ventral/BELLY)-(posterior or
dorsal/BACK), medial-lateral, deep-superficial, right- lef
17. Body cavities. Describe them. (Dorsal – Spinal cord & brain; Thoracic – Heart & lungs; Abdominal
– Digestive organs, kidneys; Pelvic – Bladder & reproductive organs)
18. Organs contained within: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
19. Name the serous membranes that covers the lungs. (PLEURA)
20. Name the serous membranes that covers the heart. (PERICARDIUM) Visceral - Innermost
21. Name the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs. (PERITONEUM)
22. Mediastinum. What is the mediastinum? (A division of the thoracic cavity that contains
structures; separates 2 pleural cavities) Where is it? (Thoracic cavity) Organs contained within it.
trachea.
esophagus.
great vessels. the arch of the aorta. thoracic portions of the lef common carotid and the lef
subclavian arteries;
1
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,11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
Veins. the innominate veins and the upper half of the superior vena cava; ...
thymus.
phrenic and vagus nerves and lef recurrent nerves.
thoracic duct.
some lymph glands.
23. Diaphragm. Cavities separated by the diaphragm. (Dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic
cavity from abdominal cavity)
24. Identify the regions of the human body, name them, example: cervical (Neck), brachial (Arm),
antebrachial (Forearm), femoral (Thigh), gluteal (Buttocks), sural (Calf), crural (Shin), pedal (Foot)
etc.
25. Abdominopelvic regions. Name them.
26. Abdominal Quadrants. Name of each one. (RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ)
27. Planes. Sagittal (divides into right & lef), Parasagittal (divides into unequal right & lef),
midsagittal/median (divides middle into right & lef), Transverse (divides into superior &
inferior), Frontal or coronal (divides into anterior & posterior)
28. Which plane separates the body into right and lef (sagittal), superior and inferior (transverse),
anterior and posterior (coronal).
29. Positive feed back (Exaggerates stimulus) (Important in processes that must be completed
quickly)
(A positive feedback system reinforces, strengthens, or exaggerates a change from the normal range
or balance. For example, the contractions of childbirth and blood clotting achieve their end result by
positive feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms do not happen very ofen.)
30. Negative feed back mechanism. Examples. (Decreases stimulus) (Homeostatic regulation of
body temp) (Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation)
2
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,11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
(A negative feedback system reverses or counters the change from the normal range or balance. For
example, blood pressure and body temperature are maintained at normal ranges by negative
homeostatic mechanisms. These mechanisms are the most common.)
31. The integrating center that regulates body temperature is the hypothalamus
32. Which system directs long term responses to change? Endocrine
33. Which system produces a more rapid response than the Nervous system? (Nervous system more
rapid response than endocrine system)
34. Homeostasis is the central principle of physiology. Explain what homeostasis is (Stable internal
environment)
35. Failure of Homeostatic regulations leads to (Illness/death)
36. Imagen techniques.
37. What is Pericarditis? (Swelling of saclike membrane that surrounds heart) What is Pleurisy?
(Inflammation of the pleura) What is Peritonitis? (Inflammation of the peritoneum)
38. What is Thoracentesis? (Used to remove fluid/air from pleura) What is Ascites? (Fluid
accumulation in the peritoneal cavity causing abdominal swelling) What is Mediastinitis
(Inflammation of mediastinum – usually due to tear in esophagus or chest surgery)
BSC 2085 LECTURE
Chapter 2 Study Guide
Chapter 2
1. Atoms: (Smallest, stable units of matter) Concept and characteristics, what determines their
chemical behavior (Number/arrangement of electrons in the outer energy level)???
2H = 2 atoms of H
2. How many electrons are there in the innermost electron shell in an atom? (The first shell can
hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell
can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on.
3. The atomic # of an atom is determined by: (# of Protons in nucleus)
4. The smallest stable units of matter are: (Atoms)
5. What is atomic weight? (Mass of an atom)
6. What is a molecule? (When 2 or more atoms join together by strong bonds)
7. Sub atomics particles? How are they charged? (Proton +)(Electron -)(Neutron – neutral)
3
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, 11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
8. Ionic (Attraction between cations & anions), covalent (2 atoms share electrons), hydrogen bonds
(Weak, holds bonds between water molecules – holds atoms in water molecules = polar
covalent forms water molecules)
9. Are the covalent and the hydrogen strong or weak bonds?
10. States of matter. Characteristics (Solid – particles packed tightly, fixed position, definite shape &
do not conform to shape of container; liquid – indefinite shape; gas – high kinetic energy,
particles will spread out; plasma)
11. What is a synthesis reaction? DEHYDRATION (A+B AB) What is decomposition reaction?
HYDRATION (Chemical reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments by breaking its
chemical bonds) (AB A+B)
12. What is a dehydration reaction? (Synthesis)
13. What is Hydrolysis? What is condensation synthesis?
14. What is an exergonic reaction (Chemical reactions that release energy) What is an endergonic
reaction (Chemical reactions that absorb energy)
15. What is enzyme reaction? Characteristics of the Enzymes.
16. What is active site? (Where substrate binds to enzyme) What is a substrate? (Molecule acted
upon by enzyme)
17. What is activation energy? (The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must
possess in order to undergo a specified reaction)
18. Why the enzymes are catalysts? (Lower activation energy required to start a chemical reaction)
19. What is saturation limit?
20. How the lack of a cofactor affects the enzyme’s function?
21. What is metabolism?
22. What is a nutrient? Chemicals that must be in our diet in order for the body to function
normally. We must consume them in the foods that we eat because generally they can’t be
made by our bodies.
23. What is a metabolite? (Metabolites are chemicals involved in or byproducts of normal
metabolism)
24. What is a hydrophilic molecule? (Molecules that interact readily with water) What is a
hydrophobic molecule? (Molecules that are repelled by water) (Fear water – fats, oils)
25. Examples of organic compounds. Organic compounds: classifications and functions of each of
them (Organic molecules always have C & H - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Carbs – provide energy
Lipids – energy storage, source of energy, insulation, protection, structural materials for cell
membrane, transport proteins, hormones, vitamins
Proteins -
26. What is a protein? (Organic macromolecule composed of C, H, O & N, sometimes Sulfur)
27. Name the protein shapes
28. Name the examples of protein structures (4) (Primary – sequence of amino acids that form the
protein – lycine-leucine-glycine; Secondary – alpha helix or beta pleated sheets; Tertiary –
globular protein; Quarternary – several peptide chains forming functional protein
Hemoglobin)
29. Function of the proteins? Support: structural proteins Movement: contractile proteins
Transport: carrier proteins Buffering: regulation of pH Metabolic regulation: enzymes
Coordination and control: hormones Defense: antibodies
30. What is denaturation? (Enzyme breaks down - can be due to extremely high temp)
31. What is an amino acid? Amino group, central Carbon, Carboxyl group (Differ by R group)
32. What is a Peptide bond? Give examples (Holds amino acids together in a chain)
4
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BSC 2085 LECTURE
STUDY GUIDE FOR ALL TEST INCLUDING FINAL TEST
Important Note: This is not an all-inclusive study guide. The student must read and understand the
chapters in the test book plus study and see all the ancillaries provided by the publisher in its web page
in order to pass the test.
Study guide for Chapter 1. Objectives:
1. What is anatomy? Meaning “cutting open,” that denotes the study of the structure of internal
and external features of the body and how they relate to each other
2. What is pathological anatomy? A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of
disease
3. What is systemic physiology? Study of function within an organ system
4. Systemic anatomy? Study of structures of cardiovascular system (organ systems)
What is physiology? Study of function of anatomical structures
5. What is Surface anatomy? Study of the external features of the body
6. What is Regional Anatomy? Study of anatomy within a specific region of the body (Study of
anatomical organization of specific areas of body such as neck or trunk)
7. What is Embryology? The branch of biology that studies the development of sex cells fertilization
8. What is Cytology? Study of cells
9. What is Histology? Study of tissues - structure of muscle tissue
10. Levels of Organization of the matter? Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
11. Systems. Organs of each system includes all the organs of a system interacting to accomplish a
common goal
12. Functions of every system
13. Anatomical position. Describe it (Palms forward, feet together, standing erect, arms and hands
at sides, eyes straight ahead)
14. Supine position. Describe it (Lying on back)
15. Prone position. . Describe it (Lying face down)
16. Directional terms are used to describe one body part in relation to another. Describe: (cephalic
or cranial/HEAD)- caudal, proximal-distal, (anterior/FRONT or ventral/BELLY)-(posterior or
dorsal/BACK), medial-lateral, deep-superficial, right- lef
17. Body cavities. Describe them. (Dorsal – Spinal cord & brain; Thoracic – Heart & lungs; Abdominal
– Digestive organs, kidneys; Pelvic – Bladder & reproductive organs)
18. Organs contained within: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
19. Name the serous membranes that covers the lungs. (PLEURA)
20. Name the serous membranes that covers the heart. (PERICARDIUM) Visceral - Innermost
21. Name the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs. (PERITONEUM)
22. Mediastinum. What is the mediastinum? (A division of the thoracic cavity that contains
structures; separates 2 pleural cavities) Where is it? (Thoracic cavity) Organs contained within it.
trachea.
esophagus.
great vessels. the arch of the aorta. thoracic portions of the lef common carotid and the lef
subclavian arteries;
1
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,11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
Veins. the innominate veins and the upper half of the superior vena cava; ...
thymus.
phrenic and vagus nerves and lef recurrent nerves.
thoracic duct.
some lymph glands.
23. Diaphragm. Cavities separated by the diaphragm. (Dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic
cavity from abdominal cavity)
24. Identify the regions of the human body, name them, example: cervical (Neck), brachial (Arm),
antebrachial (Forearm), femoral (Thigh), gluteal (Buttocks), sural (Calf), crural (Shin), pedal (Foot)
etc.
25. Abdominopelvic regions. Name them.
26. Abdominal Quadrants. Name of each one. (RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ)
27. Planes. Sagittal (divides into right & lef), Parasagittal (divides into unequal right & lef),
midsagittal/median (divides middle into right & lef), Transverse (divides into superior &
inferior), Frontal or coronal (divides into anterior & posterior)
28. Which plane separates the body into right and lef (sagittal), superior and inferior (transverse),
anterior and posterior (coronal).
29. Positive feed back (Exaggerates stimulus) (Important in processes that must be completed
quickly)
(A positive feedback system reinforces, strengthens, or exaggerates a change from the normal range
or balance. For example, the contractions of childbirth and blood clotting achieve their end result by
positive feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms do not happen very ofen.)
30. Negative feed back mechanism. Examples. (Decreases stimulus) (Homeostatic regulation of
body temp) (Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation)
2
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,11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
(A negative feedback system reverses or counters the change from the normal range or balance. For
example, blood pressure and body temperature are maintained at normal ranges by negative
homeostatic mechanisms. These mechanisms are the most common.)
31. The integrating center that regulates body temperature is the hypothalamus
32. Which system directs long term responses to change? Endocrine
33. Which system produces a more rapid response than the Nervous system? (Nervous system more
rapid response than endocrine system)
34. Homeostasis is the central principle of physiology. Explain what homeostasis is (Stable internal
environment)
35. Failure of Homeostatic regulations leads to (Illness/death)
36. Imagen techniques.
37. What is Pericarditis? (Swelling of saclike membrane that surrounds heart) What is Pleurisy?
(Inflammation of the pleura) What is Peritonitis? (Inflammation of the peritoneum)
38. What is Thoracentesis? (Used to remove fluid/air from pleura) What is Ascites? (Fluid
accumulation in the peritoneal cavity causing abdominal swelling) What is Mediastinitis
(Inflammation of mediastinum – usually due to tear in esophagus or chest surgery)
BSC 2085 LECTURE
Chapter 2 Study Guide
Chapter 2
1. Atoms: (Smallest, stable units of matter) Concept and characteristics, what determines their
chemical behavior (Number/arrangement of electrons in the outer energy level)???
2H = 2 atoms of H
2. How many electrons are there in the innermost electron shell in an atom? (The first shell can
hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell
can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on.
3. The atomic # of an atom is determined by: (# of Protons in nucleus)
4. The smallest stable units of matter are: (Atoms)
5. What is atomic weight? (Mass of an atom)
6. What is a molecule? (When 2 or more atoms join together by strong bonds)
7. Sub atomics particles? How are they charged? (Proton +)(Electron -)(Neutron – neutral)
3
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, 11/19/23, 5:16 PM BSC 2085-Study Guide - Dr. Alfonso Pino - Online course
8. Ionic (Attraction between cations & anions), covalent (2 atoms share electrons), hydrogen bonds
(Weak, holds bonds between water molecules – holds atoms in water molecules = polar
covalent forms water molecules)
9. Are the covalent and the hydrogen strong or weak bonds?
10. States of matter. Characteristics (Solid – particles packed tightly, fixed position, definite shape &
do not conform to shape of container; liquid – indefinite shape; gas – high kinetic energy,
particles will spread out; plasma)
11. What is a synthesis reaction? DEHYDRATION (A+B AB) What is decomposition reaction?
HYDRATION (Chemical reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments by breaking its
chemical bonds) (AB A+B)
12. What is a dehydration reaction? (Synthesis)
13. What is Hydrolysis? What is condensation synthesis?
14. What is an exergonic reaction (Chemical reactions that release energy) What is an endergonic
reaction (Chemical reactions that absorb energy)
15. What is enzyme reaction? Characteristics of the Enzymes.
16. What is active site? (Where substrate binds to enzyme) What is a substrate? (Molecule acted
upon by enzyme)
17. What is activation energy? (The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must
possess in order to undergo a specified reaction)
18. Why the enzymes are catalysts? (Lower activation energy required to start a chemical reaction)
19. What is saturation limit?
20. How the lack of a cofactor affects the enzyme’s function?
21. What is metabolism?
22. What is a nutrient? Chemicals that must be in our diet in order for the body to function
normally. We must consume them in the foods that we eat because generally they can’t be
made by our bodies.
23. What is a metabolite? (Metabolites are chemicals involved in or byproducts of normal
metabolism)
24. What is a hydrophilic molecule? (Molecules that interact readily with water) What is a
hydrophobic molecule? (Molecules that are repelled by water) (Fear water – fats, oils)
25. Examples of organic compounds. Organic compounds: classifications and functions of each of
them (Organic molecules always have C & H - carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Carbs – provide energy
Lipids – energy storage, source of energy, insulation, protection, structural materials for cell
membrane, transport proteins, hormones, vitamins
Proteins -
26. What is a protein? (Organic macromolecule composed of C, H, O & N, sometimes Sulfur)
27. Name the protein shapes
28. Name the examples of protein structures (4) (Primary – sequence of amino acids that form the
protein – lycine-leucine-glycine; Secondary – alpha helix or beta pleated sheets; Tertiary –
globular protein; Quarternary – several peptide chains forming functional protein
Hemoglobin)
29. Function of the proteins? Support: structural proteins Movement: contractile proteins
Transport: carrier proteins Buffering: regulation of pH Metabolic regulation: enzymes
Coordination and control: hormones Defense: antibodies
30. What is denaturation? (Enzyme breaks down - can be due to extremely high temp)
31. What is an amino acid? Amino group, central Carbon, Carboxyl group (Differ by R group)
32. What is a Peptide bond? Give examples (Holds amino acids together in a chain)
4
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