MLPAO Test Prep ~ Histology and Cytology Latest Update Rated A

MLPAO Test Prep ~ Histology and Cytology Latest Update Rated A Histology Definition Study of the structure of tissues Histology: Types of specimens received Surgical procedures, biopsies, autopsies Histology: Surgical specimens include Whole or part of an organ, cysts, tumors Histology: Biopsy specimens include Removal of a representative sample (through needle aspiration, surgery, or endoscopy) Histology: Autopsy specimens include Removal of tissue from a deceased person (to analyze the cause of death, diagnosis, or for research) Specimens must be labelled with First and last name, DOB, pt address, Unique ID number, OHIP number, Specimen type, Specimen number Specimens are assigned a ____ number through LIS Surgical Specimens must have a _______ with them requisition Requisition / on-line request must contain the following pt first and last name, DOB, Unique ID Number, OHIP number, pt Address, pt location, ordering physician, specimen type, specimen number (if there is more than one specimen) Specimens arrive in the lab as either a ___ or ____ specimen Fixed, unfixed What is the first step when dealing with processing histology specimens? Verify patient information of requisition Act in which components of cells and tissues are fixed in a physical and somewhat chemical state to endure treatment, avoiding loss, alteration, and decomposition Fixation Specimens should be placed in a fixative that is ____ the estimated volume of the tissue 10-20X What is considered to be the universal fixative? Formalin/formaldehyde Fixation preserves tissue in a lifelike manner Fixation prevents putrefaction and autolysis Autolysis definition Decomposition due to the action of enzymes Putrefaction definition Decomposition due to the action of bacteria Fixation denatures or precipitates ___ Proteins Fixation: Go through beneficial ___ hardening Fixation: Enhances ____ procedures staining Fixation: ____ microorganisms fixes Advantages of other fixatives: B5 Displays good nuclear detail Advantages of other fixatives: Glutaraldehyde Used in electron microscopy Fixative that fixes tissues for cross-linking proteins Glutaraldehyde Grossing of specimens Record the description of tissue including Size, color, consistency, and any abnormalities (if present) Grossing of specimens tissues are Sliced open and viewed Grossing of specimens biopsies and smaller sample handling placed in lens paper Decalcification definition Controlled removal of calcium from the tissue Tissue must be ____ before being decalcified Fixed Why must tissue be fixed before decalcification? Cell morphology will be damaged by the strong strength of the decalcification solution Examples of decalcification agents Nitric acid, formic acid, EDTA Dehydration definition Controlled removal of water from the tissue Dehydration has tissue placed in increasing strengths of _____ to remove the water completely alcohol Dehydration %s 70, 85, 95, 100 Why is tissue placed in increasing strengths of alcohol? Prevents tissue distortion Clearing definition Controlled removal of dehydrating agents and eventually replacing it with paraffin wax Clearing solution must be ____ with both the dehydrating agents (alcohol) and paraffin wax Miscible Clearing solution must be ____ with water Immiscible Example of clearing agent Xylene Infiltration definition Controlled removal of the clearing agents and replacing it with wax Melting point of wax 54-58C When infiltrating tissue, temp must be kept ____ than the melting point of wax higher Example of infiltration agent Paraplast Paraplast is the combination of purified ____ ____ and _____ ___ paraffin wax, plastic polymers Embedding definition To surround a tissue in supporting material (eg. Paraffin wax) before sectioning needed for microscopic examination Microtomy definition To prepare tissue sections by utilizing a microtome Principle of staining: hematoxylin-alum lake attached to the _____ radicals of the ____ and ____ conveying _____ staining to the nuclei Phosphate, DNA, RNA, blue Eosin stains ____ ____ different shades of pink or red tissue components Histology/Cytology stains Hematoxylin, Eosin H&E Stain Color: Nuclei Dark Blue H&E Stain Color: Cytoplasm Pink H&E Stain Color: RBCs Red H&E Stain Color: Muscle fibers Pink Progressive staining definition Tissue remains in dye solution until enough dye has been taken up by the tissue and the desired intensity of color is achieved Progressive staining is mainly seen in Rapidly staining frozen sections for STAT diagnosis Regressive staining definition Tissue is overstained with dye solution and the extra dye is removed selectively until the wanted intensity of color is obtained Differentiation definition The selective removal of additional dye Main differentiator Acid alcohol Typical type of staining used within histology labs [Progressive/Regressive] Regressive What does cover slipping do? Protects the tissue from damage, preserves the stain for long periods of time, and allows the slide to be stored forever (resinous mounting media) Mounting media has the ____ refractive index as glass Same What are the two types of mounting media Resinous (permount), Aqueous (glycerin) Resinous mounting media can be dissolved or removed in Xylene Aqueous mounting media is used when Dehydrating solutions cannot be utilized Permanent type of mounting media Resinous (permanent) When cover slipped with aqueous mounting media needs to be stored for long periods of time the edges can be sealed with Nail polish Cytology definition Study of cellular changes to diagnose disease Cytology: Primarily used to diagnose Cancer (diagnose and stage) Cytology: Two types of specimen Gynecologic, non-gynecologic Example of gynecological cytology specimen Pap smear (cervical cancer screen) Examples of non-gynecological cytology specimens Sputum, fine needle aspirations, urinary (catheters) Gross (macroscopic) description should include: Number of slides received, volume of the specimen, colour and turbidity of the specimen, arrived fixed or unfixed, any discrepancies Direct smear procedure Centrifuge, put sample onto one slide, place second slide on top, pull slides apart, (if pap staining, fix immediately) Cytocentrifuge is a special type of centrifuge that Concentrates cells from a small amount of specimen Cytocentrifuge: Specimen travels through an opening where the cells can be placed ______ and the excess fluid is ____ by the filter onto the slide, absorbed Clots are typically processed as a ___ Cell block Papanicolaou staining provides what benefits Enhances nuclear detail, increases cytoplasmic transparency, allows for cellular differentiation within different cell types Papanicolau staining is a _____ staining Polychromatic Stains used for cytoplasmic staining: Orange G, EA Cytoplasmic staining: Monochromatic stain is Orange G Cytoplasmic staining: Polychromatic stain is EA Cytoplasmic staining: EA types of polychromatic stain Eosin Y, Bismark Brown (sometimes omitted), Light Green EA: Eosin stains Cytoplasm of squamous cells, nuclei, and cilia pink EA: Light green stains cell that are considered to be active blue-green Clearing agent Xylol Clearing Xylol benefits Cellular transparency, miscible with both alcohol and mounting media, has a refractive index close to glass H&E Stain procedure: Dewaxing, Dehydration, Hematoxylin, Differentiation, Bluing, Eosin, Dehydration, Clearing, Cover-slipping H&E Stain: Dewaxing agent Xylene H&E Stain: Dehydration agent Ethanol H&E Stain: Bluing agent Scott's tap water (lithium carbonate, running tap water) Papanicolau staining involves what three dye solutions Hematoxylin, Orange G, EA (Eosin Y, Bismark Brown, Light Green) Orange G has a strong affinity for Keratin