UCI Bio 93 Midterm 2 Exam 2023-2024
What is a metabolic pathway? - ANSWER A pathway that a molecule goes
through, resulting in a specific product..
What is metabolism? - ANSWER The totality of an organisms chemical reactions
Gibbs free energy - ANSWER Portion of a system that can perform work when
temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
What is a way to show change in free energy? - ANSWER
What does a negative Delta G mean? - ANSWER A process that is spontaneous
What does spontaneous mean? - ANSWER Means that a process will occur.
What happens to the energy in a exergonic reaction? - ANSWER It is released
What happens to the energy in an endergonic reaction? - ANSWER It is
consumed in the reaction.
True or False
A cell must have endergonic and exergonic reactions - ANSWER True
Is ATP Hydrolysis an exergonic or endergonic reaction? - ANSWER Exergonic
Mechanical and Transport work are what kind of reactions? - ANSWER
Endergonic
Why does ATP hydrolysis release so much energy? - ANSWER All 3 phosphate
groups ate neg. charged, so there is mutual repulsion within all of them
What do enzymes do? - ANSWER Lower energy barriers to drive chemical
reactions
What does the suffix -ase usually mean? - ANSWER An enzyme
How does an exergonic energy profile look like? - ANSWER
Enzymes are biological ___________ - ANSWER Catalysts
What is the site of cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells? - ANSWER
,Mitochondria
In Biology, what is another word for the addition of electrons to a substance? -
ANSWER Reduction
In Biology, what is another word for the loss of electrons to a substance? -
ANSWER Oxidation
What is cellular respiration? - ANSWER Catabolic reactions used to generate ATP
Where does glycolysis happen? - ANSWER In the cytosol
What is glycolysis? - ANSWER The breaking down of glucose into 2 molecules of a
compound of pyruvate.
What happens in the citric acid cycle? - ANSWER The breakdown of glucose to
carbon dioxide is completed.
What is stage 1 of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Glycolysis
What is stage 2 of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Pyruvate oxidation and citric
acid cycle
What is stage 3 of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the purpose of NADH? - ANSWER Transfers electrons from food to
electron transport chain.
Pyruvate is converted to what compound? - ANSWER Acetyl CoA
Where does the citric acid cycle occur? - ANSWER In the mitochondrial matrix
What happens in substrate-level phosphorylation? - ANSWER A substrate gives a
phosphate to ADP, making a product and ATP
Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen? - ANSWER The inner
mitochondrial membrane
About how many ATP/Glucose is made during cellular respiration? - ANSWER
30-32
What is ATP Synthase? - ANSWER An enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphates.
What is chemiosmosis? - ANSWER energy stored as a hydrogen ion gradient
across a membrane is used to drive cellular work.
, Establishing the H+ gradient is a major function of what? - ANSWER The electron
transport chain
What 2 processes can oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP without oxygen? -
ANSWER Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
What is the distinction between fermentation and anaerobic respiration? -
ANSWER Anaerobic respiration uses the electron transport chain
What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER A process of harvesting chemical
energy WITHOUT oxygen.
What, simply, happens in alcohol fermentation? - ANSWER Pyruvate is
converted into ethanol.
What happens in lactic acid fermentation? - ANSWER Pyruvate is reduced by
NADH to form lactate
What is lactate? - ANSWER The ionized form of lactic acid
How much ATP does fermentation yield? - ANSWER 2
What are obligate anaerobes? - ANSWER Organisms that only carry out
fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
What are catabolic pathways? - ANSWER Chemical reactions that break down
complex molecules into energy and smaller molecules
What are anabolic pathways? - ANSWER When energy is used to make smaller
molecules into a larger molecules
What type of metabolic reaction releases energy? - ANSWER Catabolic
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER The energy in the universe
is constant. Cannot be created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER Every energy
transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.
A spontaneous reaction is a type of reaction that leads to ___________ - ANSWER
What is a metabolic pathway? - ANSWER A pathway that a molecule goes
through, resulting in a specific product..
What is metabolism? - ANSWER The totality of an organisms chemical reactions
Gibbs free energy - ANSWER Portion of a system that can perform work when
temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
What is a way to show change in free energy? - ANSWER
What does a negative Delta G mean? - ANSWER A process that is spontaneous
What does spontaneous mean? - ANSWER Means that a process will occur.
What happens to the energy in a exergonic reaction? - ANSWER It is released
What happens to the energy in an endergonic reaction? - ANSWER It is
consumed in the reaction.
True or False
A cell must have endergonic and exergonic reactions - ANSWER True
Is ATP Hydrolysis an exergonic or endergonic reaction? - ANSWER Exergonic
Mechanical and Transport work are what kind of reactions? - ANSWER
Endergonic
Why does ATP hydrolysis release so much energy? - ANSWER All 3 phosphate
groups ate neg. charged, so there is mutual repulsion within all of them
What do enzymes do? - ANSWER Lower energy barriers to drive chemical
reactions
What does the suffix -ase usually mean? - ANSWER An enzyme
How does an exergonic energy profile look like? - ANSWER
Enzymes are biological ___________ - ANSWER Catalysts
What is the site of cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells? - ANSWER
,Mitochondria
In Biology, what is another word for the addition of electrons to a substance? -
ANSWER Reduction
In Biology, what is another word for the loss of electrons to a substance? -
ANSWER Oxidation
What is cellular respiration? - ANSWER Catabolic reactions used to generate ATP
Where does glycolysis happen? - ANSWER In the cytosol
What is glycolysis? - ANSWER The breaking down of glucose into 2 molecules of a
compound of pyruvate.
What happens in the citric acid cycle? - ANSWER The breakdown of glucose to
carbon dioxide is completed.
What is stage 1 of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Glycolysis
What is stage 2 of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Pyruvate oxidation and citric
acid cycle
What is stage 3 of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the purpose of NADH? - ANSWER Transfers electrons from food to
electron transport chain.
Pyruvate is converted to what compound? - ANSWER Acetyl CoA
Where does the citric acid cycle occur? - ANSWER In the mitochondrial matrix
What happens in substrate-level phosphorylation? - ANSWER A substrate gives a
phosphate to ADP, making a product and ATP
Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen? - ANSWER The inner
mitochondrial membrane
About how many ATP/Glucose is made during cellular respiration? - ANSWER
30-32
What is ATP Synthase? - ANSWER An enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphates.
What is chemiosmosis? - ANSWER energy stored as a hydrogen ion gradient
across a membrane is used to drive cellular work.
, Establishing the H+ gradient is a major function of what? - ANSWER The electron
transport chain
What 2 processes can oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP without oxygen? -
ANSWER Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
What is the distinction between fermentation and anaerobic respiration? -
ANSWER Anaerobic respiration uses the electron transport chain
What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER A process of harvesting chemical
energy WITHOUT oxygen.
What, simply, happens in alcohol fermentation? - ANSWER Pyruvate is
converted into ethanol.
What happens in lactic acid fermentation? - ANSWER Pyruvate is reduced by
NADH to form lactate
What is lactate? - ANSWER The ionized form of lactic acid
How much ATP does fermentation yield? - ANSWER 2
What are obligate anaerobes? - ANSWER Organisms that only carry out
fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
What are catabolic pathways? - ANSWER Chemical reactions that break down
complex molecules into energy and smaller molecules
What are anabolic pathways? - ANSWER When energy is used to make smaller
molecules into a larger molecules
What type of metabolic reaction releases energy? - ANSWER Catabolic
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER The energy in the universe
is constant. Cannot be created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER Every energy
transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.
A spontaneous reaction is a type of reaction that leads to ___________ - ANSWER
