ATI TEAS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE

lOMoARcPSD|33582448 ATI TEAS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE CELLS & BASIC STRUCTURE ● Prokaryotes ○ single -celled ( bacteria or archaea ) with flagella (for movement) ○ Replicate through binary fission → split apart and make 2 exact copies of same cell ○ DNA is contained in single circular chromosome ● Eukaryotes ○ Plants, a nimals, fungi, bacteria ○ Reproduce through mitosis or meiosis ○ DNA is contained in multiple linear chromosomes ● All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA ● Plant cells contain all same organelles but contain cell walls with chloroplast ○ Organelles that aid in photosynthesis ORGANELLES OF A CELL Organelle Function Cell membrane ● Controls movement of solutes in and out of the cell (proteins, enzymes, chemicals) ● Selectively permeable ● Made of double layer of phospholipids (hydrophilic phosphate head, hydrophobic fatty acid tail) Nucleus ● contains DNA ● Codes for protein ( transcription → process of making mRNA from gene) ● DNA replication and RNA transcription occur Nucleolus ● Where most RNA and ribosomes are made Mitochondria ● “Powerhouse of cell” ● Produce ATP via aerobic respiration lOMoARcPSD|33582448 ● Has a double membrane, small circular genome, and own ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum ● where proteins are built and stored ● Smooth ER = no ribosomes ● Rough ER = ribosomes attached Golgi Apparatus ● Sort, pack, and secrete proteins from ER Lysosomes ● Contains enzymes that break cell structures ● Recycle old cell parts Secretory Vesicles ● ● Transport and deliver molecules in and out of cell via cell membrane Ribosomes ● Produce proteins as specified from DNA Cilia/Flagella ● Cilia - Microscopic hair -like projections on some eukaryotic cells that aid in movement ● Flagella - whip -like tail used for movement; only on sperm cell in humans Chromosomes ● Complex thread -like arrangements composed of DNA ● Found in cell nucleus ● Humans have 23 pairs (46 total) Chromatin ● Cluster of genetic material made of DNA and proteins ● Forms chromosomes during cell division Centrosome ● Organize microtubules of cell ● Centriole - substructure; assembles mitotic spindle in cell division TRANSPORT MECHANISMS ● Passive Mechanisms ○ Does not require energy lOMoARcPSD|33582448 ○ From a high to low concentration 1) Simple Diffusion a) Relies on concentration gradient to scatter molecules until equilibrium 2) Facilitated Diffusion a) Uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across cell membrane 3) Osmosis a) Diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membrane b) Water moves from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration c) Isotonic - equal distribution of H2O d) Hypertonic - H2O moves out of the cell → cell shrinks e) Hypotonic - H2O moves into cell → cell swells 4) Filtration a) Forcing molecules through membrane to separate solids from H2O ● Active Mechanisms ○ Requires ATP ○ From area of low to high concentration 1) Active Transport a) Requires carrier protein 2) Exocytosis a) Moving molecules into cell 3) Endocytosis a) Moving molecules out of cell i) Pinocytosis - cell drinking; taking in droplets of H2O ii) Phagocytosis - cell eating; taking in solids iii) Receptor -mediated endocytosis - cell membrane splits off to form internal vesicle → response to molecules activating receptors on surface CELL REPRODUCTION ● Mitosis ○ Multiplication of cells via sexual reproduction ○ Cells produce exact copy of themselves ○ Results in two identical daught er cells ● Meiosis ○ Cellular reproduction via sexual reproduction ○ Each daughter cell contains half of DNA of original cell CELL CYCLE (MITOSIS) 1) Interphase a) Cells conducting metabolic functions and replicating DNA b) Cell growth period lOMoARcPSD|33582448 2) Prophase (step 1) a) Nuclear membrane dissolves → doubled chromosomes float freely b) Spindle fibers gather around centrosomes → produce spindle apparatus (separatesfloating DNA into separate poles) 3) Metaphase (step 2) a) Sees spindle apparatus b) Pulled in by centrosomes c) Pushes DNA to opposite ends of cell 4) Anaphase (step 3) a) Spindle fibers retract b) Chromosomes pull apart 5) Telophase (step 4) a) Spindle fibers dissolve and nuclear membranes form around new chromosomepairing 6) Cytokinesis a) Daughter cells are divided by cell membrane ● I-PMAT (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) MEIOSIS CYCLE ● Cells undergo PMAT twice → called meiosis I and meiosis II ● ● PMAT I → similar to mitosis ● New pairings ( tetrads ) migrate → cytokinesis creates two diploid cells (46 chromosomes) ● Diploid cells begin meiosis II ● PMAT II similar to PMAT I ○ Results in four haploid cells (gametes ) STEM CELLS ● State of cells prior to differentiation ● Have the potential to self -renew or become differentiated CELL DIFFERENTIATION ● Process that determines the cell type for each cell ○ Cells become specialized ● Controlled by genes of each cell ● Following directions of genes → cell builds certain proteins and pieces to set it apart TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY ● Epithelial ○ Cells are joined t ightly together → exists in sheets