BIOS 1300 - Ohio University exam study guide with updates as late as 2023 graded A+

BIOS 1300 - Ohio University exam study guide with updates as late as 2023 graded A+ nucleic acids - store and transmit information needed for growth, function, and reproduction features of a cell - 1. store and transmit info to reproduce 2. plasma membrane 3. ability to harness energy from the environment Virtually every aspect of the cell's existence—its internal architecture, its shape, its ability to move, and its various chemical reactions—depends on - proteins Transcription - The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. Translation - Synthesis of a polypeptide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of messenger RNA. Also, converts information stored in the language of nucleic acids to information in the language of proteins. Central Dogma - Originally, the idea that information flows from nucleic acids to proteins, but not in the opposite direction. More generally, the view that information transfer in a cell usually goes from DNA to RNA to protein. gene - The unit of heredity; the stretch of DNA that affects one or more traits in an organism, usually through an encoded protein or noncoding RNA. mutation - Any heritable change in the genetic material, usually a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Prokaryote - An organism whose cell or cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus; sometimes used to refer collectively to archaeons and bacteria. Eukaryote - An organism whose cells have a true nucleus. 3 domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya sun and chemical compounds - Organisms acquire energy from just two sources: metabolism - chemical reactions by which cells convert energy from one form to another and build and break down molecules ATP or adenosine triphosphate - The molecule that provides energy in a form that all cells can readily use to perform the work of the cell. Virus - genetic material that requires a cell to carry out its functions hydrogen bond - an interaction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. pH - is a measure of the concentration of protons in solution proteins - The key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell, providing structural support and catalyzing chemical reactions. The term "protein" is often used as a synonym for "polypeptide." nucleic acid - A polymer of