Test Bank for Campell Biology Chapters 1 Questions and Answers

Macromolecules - Answer-Very large polymers formed by the joining of smaller monomers .Types of Macromolecules - Answer-1. Carbohydrates 2. Nucleic Acids 3. Proteins 4. Lipids .Carbohyrdates - Answer-Made up of Monosaccharides. Used as energy, cell walls and plant structure. (Potatoes,Cellulose) .Nucleic Acids - Answer-Made up of Nucleotides, and contain genetic info, energy and are responsible for energy tranfer process (DNA,RNA,ATP) .Proteins - Answer-Made up of Amino Acids, and they are for support structure, and as a catalysts(Enzymes, skin) Enzymes, defense, storage, transport, hormonal regulation, receptors, contractile and motor support. Diverse as proteins are, they are all unbranched polymers constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids. Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. .Lipids - Answer-Made up of Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Used for energy storage, and cell membrane. (Wax, oil, fat) Do NOT form polymers .Dehydration Reaction - Answer-A reaction in which two molecules are covalenty bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule. This reaction is repeated, which creates a polymer. .Hydrolysis - Answer-Polymers are dissasembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction. To break using water. .Monosaccharides - Answer-1 sugar unit; simple carbohydrates. They taste sweet and are soluble in water, classified by location of carboxyl group(-OH), 1st carbon is a aldose, ketose if at the 2nd carbon, and the number of carbons. Form rings while in water, serve as major fuel cells and raw material for building. .Trioses - Answer-Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone .Pentoses - Answer-Ribose, Ribulose and Deoxyribose .Hexoses - Answer-Glucose, Galactose and Fructose .Sucrose - Answer-Glucose + Fructuse, used as a transport sugar used in plants, harvested for use in food .Lactose - Answer-Glucose + galactose, present in milk .Disacchardides - Answer-2 sugar units bonded by a Glycosidic Linkage .Polysaccharides - Answer-Straight or branched chain of 100's and 100's of monosaccharides .Starch - Answer-Plant storage form of energy, unbranched coiled chains, easily hydrolized into glucose units .Cellulose - Answer-Fiberlike structural material in plant cell walls, tough and invisible. .Glycogen - Answer-Highly branced chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and the liver .Chitin - Answer-A specialized polysaccharide with Nitrogen attached to glucose units, structurial material in arthropod exoskeltons and fungal cell walls .Maltose - Answer-Glucose + glucose, present in germinating seeeds .Fatty Acid's - Answer-Long chains of Carbon, 16-18, and Hydrogen with a COOH (Carboxyl) group at one end .Fats - Answer-A lipid, mainly used for energy storage. .Adipose Cells - Answer-Tissues that the fat is stored in, used to cusion vital organs and insulate the body .Saturated Fatty Acids - Answer-The maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. Fat is solid at room temperature when made from saturated fatty acids .Unsaturated Fattty Acids - Answer-have one or more double bonds. Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called unsaturated fats or oils, and are liquid at room temperature. Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated. .Hydrogenation - Answer-The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. These trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease. .Essential Fatty acids - Answer-Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body. These must be supplied in the diet. These essential fatty acids include the omega-3 fatty acids, required for normal growth, and thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease. .Phospholipids - Answer-Consist of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, and 1 small polar Phosphate group. Produces a hydrophillic head and 2 hydropobic tails. Spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers, the basis of biological membranes .Waxes - Answer-Water repellant coatings, formed by long chain fatty acids to long chain alchohols. Plant and animal coverings .Steroids - Answer-Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Incudes cholesterol, vitamin D, and sex hormones .Cholesterol - Answer-An important steroid, is a componet in animal cell membranes .Enzymes - Answer-Biological catalysts .Amino Acids - Answer-Small organic molecules with an amino group(NH2), a carboxyl group(Cooh), and one of 20 varying R groups. There are 20 different amino acids, these common amino acids are grouped into five classes based on side groups; nonpolar amino acids, polar amino acids, charged amino acids. .Peptide Bond - Answer-Is formed when Dehydration Reaction between 2 amino acids .Protein Structure - Answer-A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape. .Protein Denaturation - Answer-High temperature or changes in PH can cause a loss of protein's normal 3-D shape, normal function is lost, which is often irreversible. .Chaperonins - Answer-Protein molecules that promote and assist the proper folding of other proteins. .Nucleotides - Answer-Monomers of Nucleic acids .Polynucleotides - Answer-Polymers of nucleic acids .Nucleic Acids - Answer-Two types DNA and RNA. .DNA - Answer-A double stranded helix carrying encoded hereditary instructions. Sugar is deoxyribose, Nitrogenous bases AGCT. Provides directions for the replication of itself and RNA, using mrna. .RNA - Answer-A single stranded molecule which functions in translating the code to build proteins. Sugar is ribose, Nitrogenous bases - AGCU, Single Strand .Nucletotide Structure - Answer-A 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a nitrogen base, and one or more phosphate groups. The portion of a nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a nuceloside.