(Top QUALITY 2024/2025 EXAM REVIEW) C181 WGU Constitution & Government Chapters 1-4. Exam Review. GRADED A+

C181 WGU Constitution & Government Chapters 1-4. Exam Review. GRADED A+ Coersive Federalism - -1964-Present, began with JFK and heightened with LBJ. Form of federalism where federal has more power than states through the following means (from lowest to highest level of force): Grants, Sanctions, Restraints, Preclearance, Preemption, Mandates, and Unfunded Mandates. Full Faith & Credit Clause - -Regarding equality across state lines, from Article 4 Section 1: rights & restrictions recognized across state lines. Such as public acts, records, judicial proceedings, etc. Privileges & Immunities Clause - -Regarding equality across state lines, from Article 4 Section 2: privileges & immunities across state lines. Such as tax rates, etc. The Supremacy Clause - -Article Six: gives sovereignty to the federal government to have power over the citizens and trump any state laws that conflict with the Constitution. (*Think: Six-Supremacy) James Madison - -"Father of the Constitution". Wrote some of the Federalist Papers, namely #10 (fear of factions) and #51 (separation of powers). Preemption - -Power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes partial or total responsibility for a state governmental function, a form of Coersive Federalism via mandates and restraints. McCulloch v Maryland - -SCOTUS decision that first used the "Necessary & Proper Clause" (aka Implied Powers aka Elastic Clause) derived from Article 1 Section 8 that ruled federal government could have a national bank within the state of Maryland and not be subjected to a state tax. (*think Maryland - Money - Necessary) Cooperative Federalism - -A view where there is much overlap between state powers and national powers, think of the "marble cake". Elastic Clause - -The last clause in Article 1, Section 8: gives congress means to execute enumerated powers. Basis for implied powers. Also called the Necessary and Proper Clause. Four factors that produce dynamic changes in Federalism - -1) National crises and demands. 2) Judicial interpretation. 3) Grand-in-Aid. 4) Growing capability of the state governments. Grant-in-Aid - -Money provided by one level of government to another for a given purpose. Two types: Categorical (specific, with restrictions, in to form