Baroque questions with verified solutions 2023/2024

Baroquewhat are the basic characteristics of this period? - correct answer The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement; Acted against mannerism. bring people back to the church (how do you assert the primacy of Rome and recover and maintain the souls of the church) - o To win they want to use emotion and faith (they see it as greater/more important than philosophy) o Drama and theatricality- light, diagonals, stage-like foreground, foreshortening, make art a visceral, palpable experience o Involve the viewer o Classical baroque vs realist baroque o Nude figure is forbidden- they even paint over Michelangelo's nude figures in the chapel o Greater importance on the lesser arts- greater artistic program o The age of Bach, Vivaldi, Handel o Why do they make it sooo realistic and often gruesome? To pull in the viewer and make them feel like they are really there (whether they like it or not) Who are the primary figures of importance (Artists, Patrons, Groups, churches . . .)? - correct answer Artemisia gentileschi - Artist - Cardinal Scipione Borghese, most important patron (many Cardinals are Roman Princes) - Bernini, theatrical, expressive, emotional, dramatic - Caravoggio - Diego Velazquez, court painter to Phillip 4th at 24 yrs, good at making unimportant figures look worthy - Philip 4th, huge patron to the arts, Hapsburg - Peter Paul Rubens, most important Baroque, "Ruben-esque" real "weighty" and fleshy women - Rembrandt, paints what the people want (landscape, genre painting, biblical painting, still life, etchings) What external influences shaped this period? - correct answer Council of trent (want people to come back to the church so they add emotion to their art) Bel Composto (Art, Painting, and Sculpture come together) Hierarchy of Painting Thirty year war What is the Counter Reformation and how did it and its policies (i.e. the Council of Trent) shape the visual arts? - correct answer 1517 - Luther and 95 Theses changes religion and art Protestant vs. Roman Catholic 3o year war- people are impacted by the war people started moving away from the church so they started to add emotions, and more common themes that people would associate with more; They used the doubting Thomas ideal to pull people in 1563 December 3 - also used images that puled in the viewer, caused them to feel in the moment In which ways is Baroque art shaped by Mannerism? - correct answer Mannerism was a period of art after the High renaissance when artists began to favor tension and imbalance over the balance that existed in classical works. Baroque brings back more classical proportions but maintains the drama and feeling of mannerism. Mannerism was a step away from the ideal of the church In which ways was the art of this period affected by outside influences (religious, economic, social. . .)? - correct answer - Calvinism, John Calvin... Iconoclasm (breakout in stained glass, pull down statues, destroy artowrk)... churches are usually emptied from religious art (whitewashed) In which ways is the Baroque manifested in Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Hapsburg Austria, Germany, America (Spanish, Colonial), England - correct answer Italy: Bringing the art back to the church; iconoclassicism (destroy religious imagery); Focus on churchy subjects and to make the people feel the emotion so as to be converted Spain: The artists made the subjects look dignified (Las mininas) Focus on dark back ground and brush strokes; Phillip IV; Catholicism is really strong in this region (Saints pictured a lot) Protestant Netherlands (dutch): Calvinism, establishment of wealthy class, 80 year war independence from Spain, the people are commissioning art rather than the church... art as negotiable merchandise, Ulbrecht School, Most significantly different! Focus on family life, it was more secular, moral, and middle class focused. They have the vanitas images as well as the landscapes, guilds (group portraiture) - Hapsburg Austria- everything built to impress France Under Louis XIV who created the Louve; Establishment of the academy=standardized art. Neoclassicism comes from here; The drama is shown in a serious greek kind of way. It was all about the king; History painting started here (great deeds of great men) Germany America (Spanish and Colonial) - England - growing as a commercial and political power, but in many ways still takes cues from other powers; architecture - evidence through ornamentation, columns, pediments; Know the importance of the Caravaggio and his style. - correct answer Tenebrism: stark contrast, dynamic use of light Caravaggio's style is used throughout the baroque and into other eras as well In which ways did Caravaggio represent the opposite pole to the more classical Baroque of the Carracci and Poussin? - correct answer - Poussin represented more of a composition and order in his art (classical roots) In which ways does the Baroque influence and propel the Rococo and Neoclassicism? - correct answer Neoclassicism is based off baroque ideas of history paintings from the French Baroque where they focused on the greek perfection Rococo: It was similar in some ways to the baroque with extravagant ideas but it was on a smaller scale Council of Trent- - correct answer Dealt with issues of church doctrine during the counter-reformation and felt that images and religious helped teach the laity. It refocused the people on emotion and faith rather than philosophy. Forbade nudes St. Peter's Basilica - correct answer Built by Constantine over St. Peter's tomb in Rome. Bel Composto - correct answer "beautiful composition" - all things coming together to make a composition Unifying painting, sculpture, and architecture. This theory was developed by Bernini. Quintessential of Baroque