PRAXIS 5001 SOCIAL STUDIES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

abolitionism the end of slavery Abraham Lincoln first Republican president; an abolitionist elected in 1860; his election triggered Southern secession. He led the country through the Civil War, but he was assassinated in 1865 before Reconstruction truly began. absolute location a location identifiable by specific geographic coordinates absolute monarchy unrestricted rule by a king or queen Adam Smith economic theorist who espoused capitalism Alonquin northeastern Native American civilization in the Great Lakes region ancient Egyptians emerged as early as 5000 BCE in the Nile Valley; known for their pyramids, art, use of papyrus as paper, and pictorial writing (hieroglyphs); united under one monarch, or pharaoh Anthropology the study of humans and their cultures Apartheid oppressive social system in South Africa that separated people by race in public places; led to structural inequalities and lowered standard of living for people of color' lasted for most of the 20th century arms race competitive weapons development between the US and the USSR during the 1980s; the US intended to outspend the USSR, thereby weakening it Articles of Confederation the original framework of the US government, designed to create a loose confederation between the colonies (now states) while allowing them to retain much of their individual sovereignty; created an intentionally weak, democratic government assembly line a labor-intensive method of production developed by Henry Ford in which workers repetitively execute separate key tasks in production, expediting the product's completion Assyria Sumerian-based civilization in the Near East; established military dominance and played an important role in regional trade Atahuallpa the last independent Inca emperor, defeated by Francisco Pizzaro in 1533 Athens ancient Greek city-state that became a revolutionary democracy controlled by the poor and working classes around 460 BCE; the first known democracy Augustus Caesar Julius Caesar's nephew Octavian who gained control of Rome in 27 BCE and became the first Roman emperor Axis the alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII Aztecs militaristic Mesoamerican civilization that dominated Mexico and Central America before European contact Babylonia Sumerian-based civilization in Mesopotamia; developed courts and an early codified rule of law - the Code of Hammurabi - "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" Barack Obama First African American President of the US, elected 2008; ended wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; halted the Great Recession; developed programs to provide healthcare to uninsured Americans Bastille Paris prison stormed on July 16, 1789, when the king sent troops to Paris; symbolic of tyranny Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775; caused King George III to declare that the colonies were in rebellion Battle of Fort Sumter 1861 attack on Union troops in Sumter, South Carolina, by Confederate forces shortly after South Carolina seceded from the Union; this battle sparked the Civil War Battle of Lexington and Concord beginning of violent conflict between American rebel militiamen (minutemen) and the British in 1775 Battle of Tours (or Poitieres) victory by Charles Martel in 732 CE that stopped Islamic incursions into Europe Battle of Yorktown 1781 defeat of British forces by the Continental Army with support from France, ending the Revolutionary War Berlin Conference A 1884 conference that divided Africa into European colonial territories (scramble for Africa). The boundaries created in Berlin satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations. Many of Africa's civil conflicts can be traced to ill-conceived territorial divisions crafted in 1884. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the Constitution Boston Massacre 1770 event in which British troops fired on a crowd of American protesters Boston Tea Party A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. bourgeoisie (communism and socialism) the class that owns the means of production and profits from the labor of the workers (proletariat); in communism, the proletariat are encouraged to overthrow the bourgeoisie Bubonic (Black) Plague bacterial infection with global effects that killed a third of Europeans in the fourteenth century; led to broader social change capitalism the laissez-faire (or free market) theory of economics in which government should not interfere with trade; problems in the market like monopolies would lead to inefficiencies and thus correct themselves cardinal directions North, South, East, West Cesar Chavez civil rights activist; led the United Farm Workers, who advocated for Hispanic farm workers who faced racial discrimination, poor treatment, and low pay Charlemagne Frankish (French) leader who united much of Western Europe in the Middle Ages following a chaotic period after the fall of the Roman Empire, leading to more organization and strengthening of the feudal system; crowned emperor in 800 CE Charles Martel Frankish (French) leader who stopped Islamic incursions into Europe from Iberia checks and balances each branch of government has certain powers that limit the power of the other branches Cherokee Southeastern Native American civilization thought to be descended from the Iroquois; emerged in present-day Georgia; forced during the Trail of Tears to leave their land and migrate to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) Christopher Columbus explorer who arrived in the Americas while seeking a sea route west from Europe to Asia Church of England Protestant church founded by King Henry VIII; after years of conflict, would become the dominant religion in England Civil Rights Movement social and political movement for the rights of African Americans and other disenfranchised people in the 1960s Cold War period of ongoing tension and conflict between the US and the USSR, the post-WWII global superpowers; remained "cold" because the two countries never engaged in direct military confrontation Columbian Exchange describes the broad exchange of people, ideas, organisms, and technology across the Atlantic (encompassing triangular trade) Committees of Correspondence colonial rebel protest group that distributed anti-British propaganda communism Marxist theory that revolution (class war) is needed to achieve a socialist society Communist Manifiesto 19th century pamphlet written by Marx and Engels about socialism; called for revolution against the capitalist system; inspired the formation of socialist groups worldwide concentration camps forced labor and death camps where the Nazis imprisoned and killed Jews, Roma, Slavic people, homosexuals, disabled people, people of color, prisoners of war, communists, and others as part of the Holocaust conflict the process of disagreement, usually resolved when one of the parties receives either the entirety or a satisfactory amount of the desired goal Congress the branch of the federal government that makes laws (the legislative branch); technically, it has the most power in government Congress of Vienna following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the conference where Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian and Britain agreed on balance of power in Europe; the first real international peace conference; set the precedent for European political organization Constitution the document that provides the framework for the US government