SOWK 250 FINAL WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2023.

Doubly Divided: The Racial Wealth Gap Meizhu Lui -racial wealth gap has nothing to do with individual behaviors or cultural deficits, gov policies have transferred wealth from nonwhites to whites -federal policies created the basis for the current racial wealth divide -Native Americans-US took land and natural resources and gave it to white individuals -African Americans-wealth created from the unpaid labor of blacks, the use of violence to stop black wealth creation -Latinos-trade and immigration policies -Asian Americans-excluded from being "white" "If you don't kiss me, you're dumped" Boys, Boyfriends and Heterosexual Masculinities in the Primary School Emma Reynold -elementary schools serve as a site for constructing heterosexual identities, often linked with normative assumptions of gender, sexism, and homophobia -boys subject to pressure of compulsory heterosexuality -boys come to define and produce their heterosexualities through public projections -regulation of heterosexuality damaging for boys and girls "Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market" -explores the continuing significance of race in the low-wage labor market -find that African Americans and Latinos with good backgrounds were no more likely to have positive outcomes from job searches than white applicants with criminal records -shows discrimination in hiring -blacks are candidates of last resort Climate of Fear Southern Poverty Law Center -actions of people in social institutions often contribute to the creation of a climate of hate directed at immigrants "Yes, I Follow Islam, but I'm not a Terrorist" Nada El Sawy -about authors experience as an Egyptian-American and Muslim -Media gives Islam a bad name -Islam is a mystery in US-people really don't know what it is even tho it's the 2nd largest religion in the world -fanaticism springs from misguided excess in any religion "Gee, You Don't Seem Like an Indian From the Reservation" Barbara Cameron -experiences of racism and violence impacts sense of self -don't hate white people but their culture of greed, deceit, racism, and violence -racism among third world people (against other minorities) needs to be discussed and dealt with honestly -"it is inappropriate for progressive or liberal white people to expect warriors in brown armor to eradicate racism"--co-responsibility Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection Patricia Hill Collins -we are often aware of our own victimization/oppression but not of how our position, ideas, and behaviors can uphold someone else's subordination -i.e. white feminists -need new visions of what oppression is and to change our behavior daily -institutional, symbolic, and individual dimensions of oppression -building empathy, coalitions around common causes, and recognizing differences in power and privilege Dismantling Environmental Racism in the USA Robert D. Bullard -environmental racism is any environmental policy, practice or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color -not equal environmental protection and justice -environmental justice movement has redefined environmental protection as a basic right -solution to environmental injustice lies in the realm of equal protection for all Guyland as a straight jacket hegemonic culture only one way to be and have to fit into it "fits some like a straight jacket" not comfortable, completely restraining-wear it anyways Guyland-problems with validation -equal peer is only one who is validating -failure from an older generation to be a part of it and maybe even stop Guyland from perpetrating Guyland-role of sports -place where they can be emotional -acts as adhesive allowing you to bond with other men -one of the last man-only spheres -the role of women-cheerleaders Guyland-importance of rituals and hazing -not forced, desire to prove belonging, fit in, and be accepted and respected -not comfortable enough to speak up when they think something is wrong sorority hazing-service men Guyland as a dominant culture -societal structures serve/originate out of guyland -capitalism-survival of the fittest -dominant because it influences women Gender roles -attitudes and activities a society links to each sex -males as ambitious, competitive, strong -females as deferential, emotional, caring -family, schooling, and mass media all important to socialization -learn society considers females and males differently and start taking on these attributes Bugis Society Island in Indonesia -completely denies Western notions and conventions of gender -see gender and sexuality as a spectrum -hierarchical and competitive: -Calabai: born male, live as women -Men: born men, live as men -Bissu: gender transcendent (guardians of sacred) -Women: born female, live as women -Calalai: born female, live as men Margaret Mead's research New Guinea -Arapesh Society: men and women very similar, both cooperative and feminine -Mundugumor: cannibals, selfish, aggressive, both sexes masculine -Tchambuli: defines men and women as different but reversed-women dominant Shows that culture is key to gender-there is too much variability to say that gender is simply about biology Gender Stratification (work, income, etc.) Earnings: -men make more than women -# of men and women in work force converging, but still differences in what they are doing (Women-service work, emotional/support work which gets paid less) (Men-dominate certain areas like engineering, doctors, lawyers) -even when in same industry, women get paid less Income and Wealth: -Women 76c for Man's $1 Housework: -responsibility of women-2x hours as men-less opportunities for extra work or more education Eating disorders: -more men overweight, more women obese -worse stigma for women than men Gender and Spirituality -women have higher levels of religiosity how do we explain this? -socialized (women told its more natural for them, be submissive, follow tradition) -men find identity in work, women find it elsewhere -church life often considered component of home life Gender and Health Health: -women outlive men by 6-7 years globally, but have higher morbidity rates -overrepresented in poverty The sociological argument to hurricane katrina -knew it was coming for years -growth of racial inequality (was very tolerant city, then pre-civil war competition for dock jobs) -continues post civil war (Jim Crow) -1920's-population growing, need more land and engineering feats, city leaders develop land for whites -major white flight post WWII -increasing segregation with African Americans pushed into least desirable parts of city (with lowest elevation) 3 Components to Argument: 1.Hurricane Exposure -some countries more exposed 2.At same level of exposure, some countries have less deaths/damage than others 3.Countries that experience fewer deaths take extensive precautions, countries that have more do not -Education, organization, and policies in place make the difference -US comparable to poorer countries -Cuba is best example post Flores Reconciliation theology -how white evangelicals have significant problems with race and racism and have a hard time understanding institutional racism -Christians can't do nothing about it 4 Principles: 1. The Development of Primary Interracial Relationships -relationships help us understand each other and see the contribution of church to racism -white evangelicals are good at this but don't realize there is more -has to be a conscious commitment 2. Confronting Corporate Sin -sin exists beyond individual level-became structured -evangelical christians have a hard time understanding this -turn from private and collective sin and abandon acceptance of political inequality and discrimination 3. Majority Group Repentance -white evangelicals must understand guilt of of their sin and ask forgiveness 4. Minority Group Forgiveness -Christ is model-racial minorities should learn to forgive majority group members -not because it is deserved but because model