Brock PSYC 1F90 Exam 1 Review
experiential processing - ANSThought that is passive, effortless, and automatic (not useful
when trying to retain memories)
reflective processing - ANSthought that is active, effortful, and controlled (used when
experiential processing is not enough)
Critical Thinking - ANSThe ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize
information
What does the reflective SQ4R method stand for? - ANSS: Survey (skim material and
understand big picture)
Q: Question (reword headings into questions that help u read w/ purpose)
R: Read (Read, and find answers to the questions)
R: Recite (rehearse; mentally answer questions)
R: Reflect (Can be done using self-reference/critical thinking)
R: Review (reread material/notes and check memory by quizzing yourself)
Q and 3R's should be repeated over time
Reflective Listener - ANSperson who maintains attention, avoid distractions, and actively
gathers info from lectures
What's a good listening/note-taking plan? - ANSL: Lead. Don't Follow (Look over readings +
slides before class; form reflective questions)
I: Ideas (Find out the main idea of lecture)
S: Signal Words (Listen for words that tell you what direction the instructor is taking. ex.
There are 3 reasons...here comes reasons)
A: Actively Listen (stay active, alert, engaged)
N: Note Taking (write down only key points)
Psychology - ANSThe scientific study of overt and covert behaviour
Research Method - ANSA systematic approach to answering questions (common sense
answers can go unchallenged due to lack of research method)
What first 2 steps do psychologists take to reach their goals and answer unknown
questions? - ANS1. Description of behaviour; based on making detailed record of
observations; also called naming or classifying
2. Next is understanding; achieved when causes of behaviour can be stated (the why)
critical thinking - ANSa type of reflection that involves asking whether a set of beliefs can be
supported by scientific explanation and observation
,What do critical thinkers do? - ANS1. willing to challenge conventional wisdom by asking
hard questions
2. willing to actively reflect on ideas
3. question assumptions and and look for alternative conclusions
pseudo-psychology - ANSany false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is
offered as an explanation of behaviour; give the appearence of being scientific but is not
confirmation bias - ANSthe tendency to remember or notice information thats fits ones
expectation, while forgetting discrepancies (creating an illusion of accuracy)
scientific method - ANSa form of critical thinking based on careful measurement and
controlled observation
In its ideal form, what are the 6 elements of the scientific method? - ANS1. making
observations
2. defining a problem
3. proposing a hypothesis
4. gathering evidence/testing hypothesis
5. building theory
6. publishing results
hypothesis - ANSthe predicated outcome of an experiment of an educated guess about the
relationship between variables
Operational Definition - ANSdefining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or
procedures used to measure it (ex. hunger can be defined based on the number of hours of
food deprivation)
theory - ANSa system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that
summarizes existing data and predicts future observations
survey - ANSa public polling technique used to answer questions
representative sample - ANSa small, randomly selected part of a larger population that
accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population (good ones should have equal %
of men, women, young, old, etc.)
What are the limitations of a survey? - ANS1. Could be representing a biased sample; does
not accurately represent pop.
2. people may show courtesy bias (a tendency to give polite/socially desirable answers); like
when answering questions about sex, drugs, income
observational data - ANSdata that comes from watching participants and recording their
behaviour (only provide descriptions of behaviour)
What are the two types of observational data? - ANS1. Naturalistic Observation
2. Structured Observation
,naturalistic observation - ANSobserving behaviour as it unfolds in natural settings, without
interference from researcher
structured observation - ANSobserving behaviour in situations that have been set up by the
researcher
observer effect - ANSchanges in an organisms behaviour caused by awareness of being
observed (so observers must keep distance and avoid interacting)
observer bias - ANSthe tendency of an observer to see what they expect or to record only
selected details; distorts behaviour to match expectations
physiological data - ANSdata that comes from participants physiological processes (like
measures of brain/heart, muscles, and production of hormones)
stimulus - ANSany physical energy that affects a person and envokes a response
introspection - ANSto look within; to examine ones own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
structuralism - ANSanalyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements, or
building blocks (Ex. stating the experience of holding an apple)
What was wrong with structuralism? - ANSusing introspection was a poor way to answers
questions bc the structuralists frequently disagreed on observations (ex. Your introspected
perceptions on an apply will be different to someone else)
functionalism - ANShow behaviour and mental abilities help people adapt to their
environments; not lifeless building blocks
natural selection - ANSDarwin's theory that evolution favours those plants & animals best
suited to their living conditions; deduced that creatures evolve in ways that favour survival
(functionalism)
behaviourism - ANSemphasizes the study of overt, observable behaviour
response - ANSany muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of
behaviour
Radical Behaviourism - ANSbeleif that people and animals can be controlled completely
using conditioning
Who is B. F. Skinner - ANSbehaviourist who created the Skinner box to condition animals
using stimuli; beleived our actions are controlled by rewards and punishments
cognitive behaviourism - ANSan approach that combines behavioural principles with
cognition (thinking) to explain behaviour
, Gestalt psychology - ANSemphasizes the study of thinking, learning, perception in whole
units, not parts (similar to how the melody of a flute can't be understood if it was sectioned
off into parts)
unconscious - ANScontents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and
desires not directly known to a person
psychoanalysis - ANSapproach created by Sigmund Freud; his approach to psychotherapy
that emphasizes exploring unconscious conflicts
psychodynamic theory - ANSany theory of behaviour that emphasizes internal conflicts,
motives, and unconscious forces (influenced by Freud)
humanism - ANSan approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems,
potentials, and ideals; subjective experience
How is humanism different from prior approaches to behaviour? - ANSbeleived more in free
will, then determinism;
determinism - ANSthe idea that all behaviour has prior causes that would completely explain
ones choices and actions; that behaviour is determined by forces beyond our control
(supported by behaviourists)
free will - ANSthe idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions
(supported by humanists)
Self-Image - ANSYour perception of your own body, personality, and capabilities
Self-Evaluation - ANSappraising yourself as good or bad
self-actualization - ANSthe ongoing process of fully developing one's personal potential and
becoming the best person ever
biological perspective - ANSthe attempt to explain behaviour in terms of underlying biological
principles like brain processes, evolution, and genetics
neuroscience - ANSthe broader field of bio psychologists and others who study the brain and
nervous system
revolutionary psychology - ANSthe study of how human evolution and genetics might explain
our current behaviour
psychological perspective - ANSthe traditional view that behaviour is shaped by
psychological processes occurring at the level of the individual
sociocultural perspective - ANSthe focus on importance of social and cultural contexts in
influencing the behaviour of individuals
experiential processing - ANSThought that is passive, effortless, and automatic (not useful
when trying to retain memories)
reflective processing - ANSthought that is active, effortful, and controlled (used when
experiential processing is not enough)
Critical Thinking - ANSThe ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize
information
What does the reflective SQ4R method stand for? - ANSS: Survey (skim material and
understand big picture)
Q: Question (reword headings into questions that help u read w/ purpose)
R: Read (Read, and find answers to the questions)
R: Recite (rehearse; mentally answer questions)
R: Reflect (Can be done using self-reference/critical thinking)
R: Review (reread material/notes and check memory by quizzing yourself)
Q and 3R's should be repeated over time
Reflective Listener - ANSperson who maintains attention, avoid distractions, and actively
gathers info from lectures
What's a good listening/note-taking plan? - ANSL: Lead. Don't Follow (Look over readings +
slides before class; form reflective questions)
I: Ideas (Find out the main idea of lecture)
S: Signal Words (Listen for words that tell you what direction the instructor is taking. ex.
There are 3 reasons...here comes reasons)
A: Actively Listen (stay active, alert, engaged)
N: Note Taking (write down only key points)
Psychology - ANSThe scientific study of overt and covert behaviour
Research Method - ANSA systematic approach to answering questions (common sense
answers can go unchallenged due to lack of research method)
What first 2 steps do psychologists take to reach their goals and answer unknown
questions? - ANS1. Description of behaviour; based on making detailed record of
observations; also called naming or classifying
2. Next is understanding; achieved when causes of behaviour can be stated (the why)
critical thinking - ANSa type of reflection that involves asking whether a set of beliefs can be
supported by scientific explanation and observation
,What do critical thinkers do? - ANS1. willing to challenge conventional wisdom by asking
hard questions
2. willing to actively reflect on ideas
3. question assumptions and and look for alternative conclusions
pseudo-psychology - ANSany false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is
offered as an explanation of behaviour; give the appearence of being scientific but is not
confirmation bias - ANSthe tendency to remember or notice information thats fits ones
expectation, while forgetting discrepancies (creating an illusion of accuracy)
scientific method - ANSa form of critical thinking based on careful measurement and
controlled observation
In its ideal form, what are the 6 elements of the scientific method? - ANS1. making
observations
2. defining a problem
3. proposing a hypothesis
4. gathering evidence/testing hypothesis
5. building theory
6. publishing results
hypothesis - ANSthe predicated outcome of an experiment of an educated guess about the
relationship between variables
Operational Definition - ANSdefining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or
procedures used to measure it (ex. hunger can be defined based on the number of hours of
food deprivation)
theory - ANSa system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that
summarizes existing data and predicts future observations
survey - ANSa public polling technique used to answer questions
representative sample - ANSa small, randomly selected part of a larger population that
accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population (good ones should have equal %
of men, women, young, old, etc.)
What are the limitations of a survey? - ANS1. Could be representing a biased sample; does
not accurately represent pop.
2. people may show courtesy bias (a tendency to give polite/socially desirable answers); like
when answering questions about sex, drugs, income
observational data - ANSdata that comes from watching participants and recording their
behaviour (only provide descriptions of behaviour)
What are the two types of observational data? - ANS1. Naturalistic Observation
2. Structured Observation
,naturalistic observation - ANSobserving behaviour as it unfolds in natural settings, without
interference from researcher
structured observation - ANSobserving behaviour in situations that have been set up by the
researcher
observer effect - ANSchanges in an organisms behaviour caused by awareness of being
observed (so observers must keep distance and avoid interacting)
observer bias - ANSthe tendency of an observer to see what they expect or to record only
selected details; distorts behaviour to match expectations
physiological data - ANSdata that comes from participants physiological processes (like
measures of brain/heart, muscles, and production of hormones)
stimulus - ANSany physical energy that affects a person and envokes a response
introspection - ANSto look within; to examine ones own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
structuralism - ANSanalyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements, or
building blocks (Ex. stating the experience of holding an apple)
What was wrong with structuralism? - ANSusing introspection was a poor way to answers
questions bc the structuralists frequently disagreed on observations (ex. Your introspected
perceptions on an apply will be different to someone else)
functionalism - ANShow behaviour and mental abilities help people adapt to their
environments; not lifeless building blocks
natural selection - ANSDarwin's theory that evolution favours those plants & animals best
suited to their living conditions; deduced that creatures evolve in ways that favour survival
(functionalism)
behaviourism - ANSemphasizes the study of overt, observable behaviour
response - ANSany muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of
behaviour
Radical Behaviourism - ANSbeleif that people and animals can be controlled completely
using conditioning
Who is B. F. Skinner - ANSbehaviourist who created the Skinner box to condition animals
using stimuli; beleived our actions are controlled by rewards and punishments
cognitive behaviourism - ANSan approach that combines behavioural principles with
cognition (thinking) to explain behaviour
, Gestalt psychology - ANSemphasizes the study of thinking, learning, perception in whole
units, not parts (similar to how the melody of a flute can't be understood if it was sectioned
off into parts)
unconscious - ANScontents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and
desires not directly known to a person
psychoanalysis - ANSapproach created by Sigmund Freud; his approach to psychotherapy
that emphasizes exploring unconscious conflicts
psychodynamic theory - ANSany theory of behaviour that emphasizes internal conflicts,
motives, and unconscious forces (influenced by Freud)
humanism - ANSan approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems,
potentials, and ideals; subjective experience
How is humanism different from prior approaches to behaviour? - ANSbeleived more in free
will, then determinism;
determinism - ANSthe idea that all behaviour has prior causes that would completely explain
ones choices and actions; that behaviour is determined by forces beyond our control
(supported by behaviourists)
free will - ANSthe idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions
(supported by humanists)
Self-Image - ANSYour perception of your own body, personality, and capabilities
Self-Evaluation - ANSappraising yourself as good or bad
self-actualization - ANSthe ongoing process of fully developing one's personal potential and
becoming the best person ever
biological perspective - ANSthe attempt to explain behaviour in terms of underlying biological
principles like brain processes, evolution, and genetics
neuroscience - ANSthe broader field of bio psychologists and others who study the brain and
nervous system
revolutionary psychology - ANSthe study of how human evolution and genetics might explain
our current behaviour
psychological perspective - ANSthe traditional view that behaviour is shaped by
psychological processes occurring at the level of the individual
sociocultural perspective - ANSthe focus on importance of social and cultural contexts in
influencing the behaviour of individuals
