AES 425 Exam 1 Questions With Correct Answers

list out four setting for adapted physical activity to exist - Answer school, community, rehabilitation, elite sport what is Sherrill's definition of Adapted Physical Activity? - Answer a cross-disciplinary theory/practice that is related to activity across the lifespan for those who have unique function and structure and requires adapted ecosystems and fascilitated changes for quality of life in terms of wellness and movement what is first person language and why is it important - Answer it is a way to describe someone inflicted with something, where the individual is put before the disability. It is a more accurate way to describe someone and eliminate stereotypes what are the basic concepts of neuromaturation theory? - Answer development follows a set, invariant sequence. Motor development is cephalocaudal and proximal to distal - genetically determined what are the basic concepts for neuronal group theory? - Answer infant motor development includes periods of increased and decreased variability due to CNS changes. It is dynamic and variable what are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? - Answer sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational what are the basic concepts for the ecological model? - Answer the environment plays a major role in development describe the five main components of DST - Answer 1. self-organization: spontaneous emergence of new patterns of behavior that emerge over time (energy-efficient) (attractors - stable and unstable attractor states) 2. degrees of freedom: all of the possible ways an organism can coordinate its movements to attain a behavior - thousands of DoF must be controlled to perform a task; synergies (just using the shoulder as a component for the whole arm to reach) help muscle groups act as a unit 3. control parameter: driving force in the transition from one attractor to another (new behavior); shifts the coordinated pattern to a more complex state (internal vs external) 4. rate limiter: element that limits the rate of movement for a particular pattern; movement outcome cannot change until a component of the subsystem reaches a higher/new level 5. phase shift: transition between attractor states than can be gradual or abrupt; brought on by change in one or more components of a subsystem primary concept behind the DST? - Answer development is multidimensional, there are periods of stability and instability what is an attractor and what do attractor wells depict? - Answer attractors are emergent behaviors that are energy efficient and are heavily influenced by biology and physiology. Attractor wells depict the transition between stable and unstable states --> they are nonlinear (high variability and instability) what are three characteristics of motor development? - Answer sequential, age-related, continuous define constraints and list Newell's model of constraints - Answer constraints can either limit/discourage certain movements and facilitate/encourage other movements; they are the task, individual, and environment what are the major periods of motor skill development? - Answer reflexive, preadapted, fundamental motor patterns, context-specific, skillful what are the stages of typical movement skill development & each stages' primary movement? - Answer prenatal: head and limb movement then facial movement neonatal/infant: primitive reflexes toddler: hand control early childhood/childhood: fundamental motor skills adolescence: specialized skills