D265 Critical Thinking Study Questions With Correct Answers

D265 Critical Thinking Study Questions With Correct Answers Critical Thinking - ANS The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning/to be critical of your own reasoning. Propositions - ANS The fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a statement that can be true or false. Simple propositions - ANS They have no internal logic structure, they are simply true or false based on how the world is. Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - ANS Simple proposition Complex propositions - ANS They have internal logic structure, and whether they are true or false depends on if their parts are true or false. If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our laws and policies. - ANS Complex proposition Argument - ANS Contains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion and one or more premises that lend support to the conclusion. Premise - ANS A proposition that supports the conclusion. Conclusion Indicators - ANS Therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result. Premise Indicators - ANS Because, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by. Conclusion - ANS The claim that the whole argument is intended to support or prove. Deduction - ANS Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion. Types of arguments that are deductive - ANS Mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition. Induction - ANS Arguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be true. Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - ANS Analogies, authority, casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations. P1: Monty is in Bejing P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANS Deductive argument P1: Monty is really shy P2: Monty rarely goes to parties Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANS Inductive/ampliative argument Soundness/Validity - ANS Elements of a deductive argument Validity - ANS If true, the premises make the conclusion true