Chapters1-4 Lifespan Development Questions With Complete Solutions

What is meant by the concept of development? correct answer: Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through life span. This includes growth but also declines (setbacks) and dying. Why is the study of life-span development important? correct answer: To help us understand human development and growth. It also helps us understand it risk factors affecting fetuses and genetic characteristics. We learn about health habits affecting longevity and how our genetic make-up plays a role in our health. Knowing life span development helps us learn about mental and physical health issues. What are the eight main characteristics of the life-span perspective? correct answer: 1.Life long-no period dominates 2.Multidimensional- biological, social-emotional, cognitive 3.Multidirectional- some expand and others decline (relationships) 4.Plastic-capacity to change 5.Multidisciplinary- science, education,(ect) 6.Contextual- occurs in specific settings 7.Growth, Maintenance, and Religious loss 8.Co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual What are three sources of contextual characteristic? correct answer: 1.Normative Age Graded Influence -similar for individuals sharing the same age group. 2.Normative History Graded influence-common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances. 3.Normative Life Events-unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life. What are some contemporary concerns in life-span development? correct answer: 1. Health and Well Being-lifestyle and psychological state have impact. 2. Parenting and Education-same sex couples raising children, schools teaching to test. 3. Sociocultural contexts and diversity a) culture b)ethnicity c)socioeconomic status d)gender What are the three key developmental processes? correct answer: 1. Biological Process-produces change in an individual's physical nature 2. Cognitive Process- involves change in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. 3. Socioemotional Process- involves change in an individual's relationship with other people, emotion, and personality. How is age related to development? correct answer: It is movement toward a certain fixed point. Which in terms of human development the notion commonly used here is 'maturity'. As we get older we reach different stages of our developmental process. Age ties in because we develop different abilities at different ages. What are three main developmental issues? correct answer: 1.Nature versus Nurture-biological inheritance or environmental experience? 2.Stability and Change-forever shaped by early experience or is there a capacity to change? 3.Continuity or Discontinuity-gradual, cumulative change or distinct changes? How can theory and hypotheses be defined? correct answer: 1.Theory-set of ideas to explain phenomenon and make predictions. 2.Hypothesis- specific predictions that can be tested. What are two main psychoanalytic theories? Describe them. correct answer: 1.Freud's stages of Psychosexual Development- adult's personalities shaped by how we resolve conflict between sources of pleasure at each stage and demands of reality. 2.Erikson's Psychosocial theory- social motivation and desire to affiliate with others is central influence in development. Freud's stages of Psychosexual Development correct answer: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory correct answer: What are three main cognitive theories? correct answer: 1.Sociocultural Cognitive theory(Wygotsky) -children actively construct knowledge about the adult world. 2.Information Processing Theory- individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategic info. 3.Social Cognitive theory-(Bandura) development shaped through observational learning. What is the nature of the ethological theory? correct answer: behavior strongly influenced by biology tied to evolution and characterized by critical and sensitive periods (specific times during which the presence or absence of the certain experience has a long lasting influence. (emphasizes environment factors on development.) what characterizes ecological theory? correct answer: an approach to study of human development that consists of the 'scientific study of the progressive, mutual accommodation, throughout the life course, between an active, growing human being, and the changing properties of the immediate settings in which the developing person lives, as this process is affected by the relations between these settings, and by the larger contexts in which the settings are embedded'" How can natural selection and adaptive behavior be defined? correct answer: operates primarily on the characteristics tied to reproductive fitness. extends through the first half of life. What is evolutionary psychology? correct answer: emphasizes adaptation,reproduction, and survival of the fittest shaping behavior. What are some basic ideas about human development proposed by evolutionary psychologists? correct answer: -extended childhood evolved from human beings -evolved characteristics are not always adaptive in a contemporary society How might evolutionary influences have different effects at different points in the life span? correct answer: -Alternate view that evolution does not dictate behavior -Evolutionary pressures created changes in biological structures -Allowed use of tools, enabling ancestors to manipulate environment and construct new environmental conditions -Environmental innovations produced new selection pressuresLed to evolution of specialized biological systems for consciousness, thought, and language What are genes? correct answer: -basic unit of hereditary information -short segments of DNA strand -direct cells to reproduce and assemble proteins that can direct body proceses How are genes passed on? correct answer: The exact halving of the DNA in a parent to produce sperm or egg is possible due to its packaging in each cell as the 23 pairs of chromosomes, such that the sperm or egg has only one copy of a chromosome from each pair. What basic principles describe how genes interact? correct answer: Meosis- specialized process of cell division in which egg and sperm cells are created. What are some chromosome and gene-linked abnormalities? correct answer: -down syndrome -turner syndrome What is behavior genetics? correct answer: investigates the influence of hereditary and environment on individuals differences in human traits and development What are three types of heredity-environment correlations? correct answer: -individual genes may be influenced by the environment to which they are exposed -as a child ages experiences extend beyond family -some environments can mute or strengthen genetic traits What is the epigenetic view of development? correct answer: development is the result of ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment What conclusions can be reached about heredity-environment interaction? correct answer: it can be manipulated through change in environment or biological change. How does the brain develop in the prenatal period? correct answer: -Basic architecture of the brain takes place prenatally during first two trimesters -Neurons move to specific locations and start to become connected -Third trimester and first two years of life are characterized by increased brain connectivity and functioning -At birth, babies have approximately 100 billion neurons What are some prenatal diagnostic tests? correct answer: -Ultrasound sonography Noninvasive procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into pregnant woman's abdomenEcho from sounds creates a visual representation of fetus -Fetal MRI Magnetic resonance imaging uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to generate detailed image of body's organs and structures Clearer, more detailed image than ultrasound -Amniocentesis Sample of amniotic fluid withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders -Maternal blood screening Triple screen blood test used to determine elevated risk for birth defects -Chorionic villus sampling Tiny tissue sample is removed from the placenta Analyzed for genetic defects and chromosome abnormalities What are some of the main hazards to prenatal development? correct answer: Drugs Incompatible blood types Environmental pollutants Infectious diseases Nutritional deficiencies Maternal stress Advanced maternal and paternal age Environmental pollutants What are the three main stages of birth? correct answer: 1.Beginning of uterine contractions 15 to 20 minutes apart Cervix stretches and opens to 10 centimeters 2.Baby begins to move through birth canal Contractions come almost every minute Mother bears down to push the baby out 3.Afterbirth Placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes detached and expelled What are the outcomes if children are born preterm or low birth weight? correct answer: Low birth weight Infants that weigh less than 5½ pounds at birthlow birth weight children with mental retardation and/or cerebral palsy, the developmental sequelae for most low birth weight infants include mild problems in cognition, attention, and neuromotor functioning How do height and weight change in infancy and childhood? correct answer: Patterns of growth: *Cephalocaudal pattern -Growth sequence that gradually works from top to bottom of the body -Physical growth in size, weight, and features Same pattern works in head area - Brain and eyes grow faster than lower parts such as the jaw Fastest growth in the human body; head constitutes large proportion of total body during prenatal period *Proximodistal pattern -Growth sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities -Early maturation of muscular control of the trunk and arms compared with that of the hands and fingers What changes characterize puberty? correct answer: Puberty-Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place in early adolescence Physical changes: sexual maturation and growth spurt Growth spurt: occurs 2 years earlier for girls Avg. age for girls is 9; 11 for boys Increase 3.5 in per year for girls; 4 inches for boys Girls - Onset for most between ages 9-15; avg. 11.5 Menarche: first menstruation Hips widen, body hair Boys - Onset for most between ages10-17; avg. 13.5 First ejaculation, body hair Grow taller; eventually will surpass girls How do people develop physically during middle adulthood? correct answer: -Middle Adulthood Physical changes are gradual Genetic and lifestyle factors play a role in chronic disease -Physical appearance Lose height and gain weight Noticeable signs of aging by forties or fifties -Strength, joints, and bones Sarcopenia, age-related loss of lean muscle and strength What are the major areas of the brain, and how does it process information? correct answer: Brain physiology -Two brain hemispheres forebrain-top portion of the est from the spinal cord -Cerebral cortex responsible for 80% of brain's volume -Critical in perception, thinking, language, etc. -Frontal lobes-Voluntary movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, attention, intentionality, or purpose Occipital lobes-Vision Temporal lobes-Hearing, language processing, and memory Parietal lobes-Spatial location, attention, and motor control How does the brain change in infancy? What characterizes the development of the brain in childhood? correct answer: Infancy Brain development occurs extensively during prenatal period Infant's head should be protected from fall or other injuries Shaken baby syndrome can produce brain swelling and hemorrhaging (effects 100s of babies each year) fathers are perpetrators Infant's brain is waiting for experiences to determine how neural connections are made Children who grow up in deprived environments exhibit depressed brain activity Brain flexibility and resilence demondstrated Dramatic increases of neural connections How can sleep be characterized in infancy? correct answer: Newborns sleep 16-17 hours per day newborns (10-21 hours of sleep) 1 month-11-7 By 6 months of age, infants have moved closer to adult-like sleep patterns Longest span of sleep at night and longest span of waking during the day Nighttime waking is most common infant sleep-related problem How does adolescence affect sleep? correct answer: Many adolescents exhibit inadequate sleep patterns Less than 8 hours a day 31% US adolecents got 8 more hours of sleep on an average school type Linked to fatigue, moodiness, depression, more caffeine beverage use, falling asleep in school Adolescents sleep an average of 9 hours, 25 minutes when given opportunity to sleep as long as desired Sleep debt created when adolescents do not get enough sleep Order adolescent are more sleepy through out the day Hormonal shifts in biological clock cause later waking Delay in nighttime presence of hormone melatonin Biological clocks undergo a hormonal shift as we age What changes in sleep take place during adulthood and aging? correct answer: Average American adult gets just under 6 hours of sleep per night Work and school pressures, family and social obligations lead to long hours of wakefulness and irregular sleep/wake schedules Beginning in forties, wakeful periods during the night become more frequent Shorter periods of deep sleep Older adults go to bed earlier and wake earlier in morning Approximately 50% of older adults complain of difficulty sleeping Lack of sleep linked to health problems Can produce lower level of cognitive function and can lead to earlier death What is the difference between life span and life expectancy? correct answer: Life span Maximum numbers of years an individual can live Maximum life span of humans is about 120 years Life expectancy Number of years lived by the average person in a specific year Improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle have increased life expectancy What sex differences exist in longevity? correct answer: Average life expectancy in United States is 77.9 years Varies for men and women and ethnic groups Women live longer than men Centenarians Individuals 100 years of age or older United States has most centenarians, followed by Japan, China, and England Estimated 300-450 supercentenarians (110 years or older) worldwide What are the four main biological theories of aging? correct answer: -Cellular Clock Theory-maximum time that human cells can divide is about 75-80. -Free Radical Theory-people age due to cells metabolisms to produce unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals) - Mitochondrial Theory-age cause of decay of mitochondria, oxidative damage -Hormonal Stress Theory-aging in the bodies hormonal system can lower resistance or stress and increase risk of disease How can children's health be characterized? correct answer: Timely immunizations are key to preventing disease Accidents are leading cause of death for children Caregivers influence children's health Choking on objects,suffication,falls,burns,poisin, motor vehicles Poorer health status for children from low-income families No healthcare access Malnourishment influences poor resistance to disease Caegivers influence childerens health Parents take preventive measure to retsain children. What is the nature of adolescents' health? correct answer: Adolescence is a critical juncture in adoption of health-relevant behaviors Factors linked to poor health habits and early death begin during adolescence Families, peers, schools, neighborhoods, culture influence adolescent health Limited capacity to resist peer pressure and risk taking Not eating dinner with family leads to increase of risky behavior Improving adolescent health involves: Reducing health-compromising behaviors Increasing health-enhancing behaviors What characterizes the health of emerging and young adults? correct answer: Emerging adults have more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents Many know how to be healthy, but do not apply the information to their own behavior Few consider how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives How extensively does health decline in old age? correct answer: Health and aging Alzheimer disease appears with aging Disabilities become more common with age 17% of U.S. adults from 65 to 74 years old have a disability 50% of US adults are free of disability until age 85 Women-arthristis hyper tension vision non fatal condition Men-hypertention arthritius What are some important aspects of nutrition and eating behavior in infancy? correct answer: Infancy Breast versus bottle feeding Growing consensus is breast feeding is better than bottle feeding American Academy of Pediatrics and American Dietetic Association strongly encourage breast feeding throughout infant's first year Nutrition=development and growth Infants consume approximately 50 calories per day for each pound that they weigh More than twice adult requirement Frist 4-6 months milk is main source of nutrients BREAST VS BOTTEL Breast feeding is better than bottle What are some key nutritional problems in American children? correct answer: Childhood Poor nutrition is a special concern for infants from low-income families in the United States Lower intake of fresh foods and olive oil cooking Higher intake of processed food and caned food Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) program provides federal grants to states for healthy supplemental foods, health-care referrals, and nutrition education Beginning in pregnancy to children up to 5 years of age Childhood Poor nutrition is a special concern for infants from low-income families in the United States Lower intake of fresh foods and olive oil cooking Higher intake of processed food and caned food Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) program provides federal grants to states for healthy supplemental foods, health-care referrals, and nutrition education Beginning in pregnancy to children up to 5 years of age What are some controversies and issues in nutrition and eating behavior in the adult years? correct answer: Adult Development and Aging Obesity rates among U.S. adults increased from 23% in the early 1990s to 34% in 2008 Overweight and obesity linked to increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease Exercise and dieting Most effective programs for losing weight include exercise Weight cycling, or yo-yo dieting, puts individual at risk for health problems Liquid diets and very low calorie strategies linked with gallbladder damage What role does exercise play in adult health? How does exercise influence development in aging adults? correct answer: For adults 60 years or older, experts recommend 30 minutes of moderate activity five or more days per week Strength training two or more days a week Positive effects of exercise in older adults: Increased longevity Prevention of chronic diseases Improved treatment of many diseases Improves cellular functioning Improves immune system functioning Optimize body composition and reduce decline in motor skills Reduce development of mental health problems Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning What factors are linked with drug abuse by adolescents? correct answer: Adolescence is a critical time for onset of substance abuse United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation Notable declines in drug use in 21st century for LSD, cocaine, cigarettes, sedatives, tranquilizers, and Ecstasy Marijuana is most widely used illicit drug in United States Cigarette smoking is one of the most serious yet preventable health problems Parents play a role in preventing adolescent drug abuse Educational success has a buffering role in preventing drug problems What is the nature of substance use in college students and young adults? correct answer: Transition from high school to college may be a critical risk period for alcohol abuse Drinking is common, largely acceptable, and even expected by peers Perceived social and coping benefits from alcohol use and occasional heavy drinking Binge drinking Having 10 or more drinks in a row 1 in 7 college students reports drinking this heavily Missed classes, physical injuries, trouble with police, unprotected sex Pregaming, or drinking before going out, is common among college students How can substance use in older adults be described? correct answer: Alcohol and substance use peaks in emerging adulthood and declines by mid-twenties Majority of U.S. adults 65 or older abstain from alcohol Attributed to increased rates of illness and disease Substance abuse among older adults as "invisible epidemic" Special concern about abuse of illicit drugs and prescription drugs Depression, inadequate nutrition, heart failure, frequent falls Taking multiple medications increases dangers of substance abuse