ESL Praxis (5362) – Latest 2023 Graded A+

ESL Praxis (5362) – Latest 2023 Graded A+ Clause a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate. Additive biligualism (In Two-way Immersion Program) Additive bilingualism occurs when an ELL E L L suffers no loss of the primary language and the associated culture. Two-way immersion programs are designed to integrate native-speaking English speakers and ELLs E L Ls in the same classroom with the goal of academic excellence and bilingual proficiency for both groups. Therefore, one feature of a two-way immersion program is to promote additive bilingualism Casteneda vs. Pickard, (on appeal) established criteria that bilingual education must be based on research and effective / complaint alleged the disctrict's educational policies discriminated against Mexican American students by failing to implement adequqate instruction that prevented equal participation in the d.'s ed. program. In defining "adequate instruction" the court provide criteria by which a school system's program for EL students could be deemed appropriate. 3 Criteria: 1)Sound Ed theory, 2) adequate resources & personnel, 3) school system adequately monitors the effectiveness of program & takes approp. action to modify p. when necessary. Lau vs. Nichols the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974, ruled (9-0) that, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English-speaking students with instruction in the English language to ensure that they receive an equal education/equal access to participate in public education. Paralinguistics all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress / Some definitions limit this to verbal communication that is not words. Example Body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice are all examples of paralinguistic features. Interlanguage A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native language's semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating.The characteristics of interlanguage are systematic, dynamic, and variable. Systematic - the learner forms an internal construct of grammatical rules and structures. Dynamic - the rules are not static and have the ability to be altered through various means. Variable - The context may determine the language and rules the learner acquires Transformational Grammar (Chomsky) A linguistic theory that focuses on how changes in word order affect meaning. / also called Transformational-generative Grammar, a system of language analysis that recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules (some of which are called transformations) to express these relationships. For example, transformational grammar relates the active sentence "John read the book" with its corresponding passive, "The book was read by John." The statement "George saw Mary" is related to the corresponding questions, "Whom [or who] did George see?" and "Who saw Mary?" Although sets such as these active and passive sentences appear to be very different on the surface (i.e., in such things as word order), a transformational grammar tries to show that in the "underlying structure" (i.e., in their deeper relations to one another), the sentences are very similar. vowels Vowel sounds (A, E, I, O, U) and diphthongs (combinations of two vowel sounds) are all voiced. That also includes the letter Y when pronounced like a long E. Examples: city, pity, gritty. voiceless consonants Unvoiced consonants do not use this vibration. Instead they make sound using the movement of air through your teeth, tongue, lips and other articulators. These are the voiceless consonants: Ch, F, K, P, S, Sh, T, and Th (as in "thing"). Common words using them include: waSHed coaTs watCHed booKS Washback the effect of assessments on classroom teaching and learning. / Negative washback refers to the unexpected, harmful consequences of a test. For example, instruction may focus too heavily on test preparation at the expense of other activities. Washback from tests can involve individual teachers and students as well as whole classes and programs. instrumental motivation explains how people often learn languages in order to accomplish something