PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 Study Guide Rated A+

PRAXIS II: ESOL 5362 S tudy Guide Rated A+ Constructivist teaching ✔✔is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information. Learners are the makers of meaning and knowledge. Negative Transfer ✔✔Which occurs when speakers and writers transfer items and structures that are not the same in both languages. In English, a verb that expr esses a state of being (e.g., "I am") is used to indicate the age of a person, whereas in several other languages, a verb that indicates possession (e.g., "I have") is used. Code switching ✔✔the practice of alternating between two or more languages or var ieties of language in conversation. "Spanglish" Achievement test ✔✔a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instru ction, such as training or classroom instruction. Summative assessment ✔✔typically given to children after a specific point in instruction to measure their understanding of a subject. High stakes, a midterm exam. a final project. Diagnostic assessments ✔✔(also known as pre -assessments) provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity Formative assessment ✔✔including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. (thumbs up/down, show me) Performance Based Assessment ✔✔Adaptable instruments and are often suitable measures of students' knowledge in content classes. Measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. IATEFL ✔✔International Ass ociation of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language is an organization in the field of English language learning and teaching. It is based in Britain and was founded in 1967. Linguisitic Approach ✔✔a method which assumes that all children have a strong grasp of oral L1. Which is then an associative tool for words and spelling patterns. Language Experience ✔✔In this approach, students orally relate their personal experiences to the teacher; the teacher transcribes these experiences, complete with errors, and then develops other reading and writing activities based on the transcription. This approach allows for the development of materials and activities based on student interests and appropriate to student comprehension levels since they are student gener ated—without particular attention being paid to form or error correction. Basal Reading Approach ✔✔a technique used to teach children reading skills. ... Commonly called "reading books" or "readers," The readers are short stories, including individual boo ks for learners, a teacher's edition, workbooks, assessments and activities for a specific reading level. Allophone ✔✔any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit. Palatalization ✔✔When tongue is on palate and goes to front of mouth; a sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel, or is triggered by one of them. This involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or t he fronting or raising of vowels. example: got you become gotche Phoneme ✔✔any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. Passive voice ✔✔a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as Our troops defeated the enemy) but appears as the subject of a sentence or clause (e.g. The enemy wa s defeated by our troops). Diphthong ✔✔a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ). Flapping ✔✔Sound articulated by a quick touch of t ongue against teeth or alveolar ridge. This may occur when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels, as in butter, writing, wedding, loader. Pidginization ✔✔is a linguistic process that occurs when people who do not speak the same language come into contact.