NSG 5003 Advanced Pathophysiology (South University) |80 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Differentiation (maturation) process in which cells become specialized in structure and function The eight specialized cellular functions are movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication Eukaryotic cells Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. The eukaryotic cell consists of three general components plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles Nucleus A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Vaults cytoplasmic organelles that are carrying messengers of ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein synthesis plasma membrane (cell membrane) It's function is to protect the cell and control what goes in and out. It is not a solid structure. It is made of millions of smaller molecules so it is flexible and porous (allows things to pass through it). cellular receptors protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands Ligands A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. Cells are held together by three different means: (1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions. Cells communicate in three main ways (1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell. reception The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. Transduction conversion of one form of energy into another response An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) compound used by cells to store and release energy oxidative phosphorylation Part of the electron transport chain. A process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen. Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) charge difference across the plasma membrane action potential the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. atrophy to waste away hypertrophy increase in cell size Hyperplasia increase in the number of the cells in a tissue or organ Dysplasia (aka atypical hyperplasia) abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Cell injury mechanisms -free radical formation -hypoxia & ATP depletion -intra-cellular calcium accumulation hypoxia/anoxia decreased oxygen/lack of oxygen free radicals can cause 1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty acids 2) alterations of proteins 3) alterations in DNA Activation of inflammation and immunity occurs after cellular injury or infection involving powerful biochemicals & proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured & uninfected) cells Genetic disorders injure cells by altering the nucleus and the plasma membrane's structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms. Deprivation of essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins) can cause cellular injury by altering cellular structure and function, particularly of the transport mechanisms, chromosomes, nucleus, and DNA. Injurious physical agents include temperature extremes & climate changes, changes in atmospheric pressure, ionizing radiation, illumination, mechanical stress (repetitive body movements) & noise Systemic manifestations of cellular injury include fever, leukocytosis, increased heart rate, pain, and serum elevations of enzymes in the plasma T/F: A eukaryotic cell contains structures called organelles True Necrosis tissue death -lysis destruction Apoptosis process of programmed cell death function of histones help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA, and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities. An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as a/an mitochondrion