WJEC/EDUQAS Geography A-level.
Exam 2: Global Governance
Global Governance >>> The steering rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human
activity at an international level.
Globalisation >>> The increasing interaction between people and places at a global scale due to
advances in transport and communications.
Trading bloc >>> group of countries within a geographical region that trade together and protect
themselves from imports from other countries. E.G. The EU
Glocalisation >>> Products and services distributed globally but have been adapted to meet local
needs, E.G. Mcdonalds introduced 'Chicken Maharaji Mac' to meet local tastes in India.
Types of globalisation >>> 1) Econmic: Growth of MNC's and movement of materials, goods and
investments around the world.
2) Social: International migration and multi-ethnic cities. Increasing social interconnectivity due to
technology.
3) Political: growth of trading blocs, global organisations and global governance issues and free trade.
4) Cultural: Spread of western and increasing non-western culture, such as food and fashion.
Glocalisation and hybridisation of cultures
Classification of migrants >>> INTERNAL MIGRANT: someone who moves to a new place within the
same country, may be voluntarily or forced.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT: someone who moves from one country to another. can be classified as:
- Economic migrants: move voluntarily in search of work and a better quality of life
- Refugees: forced to move due to fear of persecution or death due to conflict or natural hazards.
Percentage of worlds population who are international migrants >>> 3.5% (258 million)
proportion of internation migrants who are refugees >>> 10%
Factors that have increased migration >>> Transport: travel time between places has decreased due to
advancements in technology (e.g. high speed railways). Growth of cheap air travel.
Communication: Growth in mobile phone ownership and internet access allows more people to find out
about opportunities. Easier for migrants to stay in contact with family and friends so that is less of an
obstacle to migration.
, Media: Increasing access to the media can show potential migrants the attractions of moving to a
different country. Social media can establish groups that help migrants e.g. with language. It also allows
communication with home.
Extreme poverty >>> defined as living on an income of less than US$1.90 a day
Primary commodity >>> unprocessed material that is extracted or harvested. Examples include food,
minerals and energy resources.
Diaspora Community >>> Large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have
migrated to different parts of the world. Included migrants and their descendants.
Economic drivers of out-migration >>> -Poverty: people living on extreme poverty may migrate for a
better quality of life.
- Primary commodoty prices: Developing countries depend on primary commodoties for export
revenues. Low prices result in lack of investment into services such as schools and healthcare.
- Poor access to markets with global systems: Trade blocs (e.g. EU) protect their own producers by
putting import tariffs on goods importd from outside the bloc. This makes it harder for countries outside
bloc to sell their produce unless the price is reduced.
non-economic drivers of migration >>> - Diaspora communities: support, employability and access to
services withing community.
- Colonial and Commonwealth links: migrants from former colonies attracted to former ruling country as
a large diaspora community may exist or they may be familiar with the culture and language. They may
be encouraged to fill labour shortages (e.g. Windrush generation)
- Legislation permitting freedom of movement: parts of the world allow free movement of migrants
between countries. EU allows free movement of labour so large numbers of eastern europeans have
migrates to UK, France and Germany.
Superpower >>> country that can exert influence and power at a global scale. This can be hard power
(economic and military force) and soft power (cultural and diplomatic influence)
Why are superpowers attractive destinations for migrants? >>> Percieved opportunities of a better life,
familiarity with language and culture (i.e. as many European countries had empires with colonies in
different continents - spreading european language and culture), existing migrant community (diaspora).
G7 >>> group of seven of the most powerful countries in the world - USA, Germany, UK, Canada,
France, Italy and Japan.
Advantages of international migration for superpowers >>> - Migrants fill labour shortages.
- More skilled workers (e.g. Indian doctors working for NHS)
Exam 2: Global Governance
Global Governance >>> The steering rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human
activity at an international level.
Globalisation >>> The increasing interaction between people and places at a global scale due to
advances in transport and communications.
Trading bloc >>> group of countries within a geographical region that trade together and protect
themselves from imports from other countries. E.G. The EU
Glocalisation >>> Products and services distributed globally but have been adapted to meet local
needs, E.G. Mcdonalds introduced 'Chicken Maharaji Mac' to meet local tastes in India.
Types of globalisation >>> 1) Econmic: Growth of MNC's and movement of materials, goods and
investments around the world.
2) Social: International migration and multi-ethnic cities. Increasing social interconnectivity due to
technology.
3) Political: growth of trading blocs, global organisations and global governance issues and free trade.
4) Cultural: Spread of western and increasing non-western culture, such as food and fashion.
Glocalisation and hybridisation of cultures
Classification of migrants >>> INTERNAL MIGRANT: someone who moves to a new place within the
same country, may be voluntarily or forced.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT: someone who moves from one country to another. can be classified as:
- Economic migrants: move voluntarily in search of work and a better quality of life
- Refugees: forced to move due to fear of persecution or death due to conflict or natural hazards.
Percentage of worlds population who are international migrants >>> 3.5% (258 million)
proportion of internation migrants who are refugees >>> 10%
Factors that have increased migration >>> Transport: travel time between places has decreased due to
advancements in technology (e.g. high speed railways). Growth of cheap air travel.
Communication: Growth in mobile phone ownership and internet access allows more people to find out
about opportunities. Easier for migrants to stay in contact with family and friends so that is less of an
obstacle to migration.
, Media: Increasing access to the media can show potential migrants the attractions of moving to a
different country. Social media can establish groups that help migrants e.g. with language. It also allows
communication with home.
Extreme poverty >>> defined as living on an income of less than US$1.90 a day
Primary commodity >>> unprocessed material that is extracted or harvested. Examples include food,
minerals and energy resources.
Diaspora Community >>> Large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have
migrated to different parts of the world. Included migrants and their descendants.
Economic drivers of out-migration >>> -Poverty: people living on extreme poverty may migrate for a
better quality of life.
- Primary commodoty prices: Developing countries depend on primary commodoties for export
revenues. Low prices result in lack of investment into services such as schools and healthcare.
- Poor access to markets with global systems: Trade blocs (e.g. EU) protect their own producers by
putting import tariffs on goods importd from outside the bloc. This makes it harder for countries outside
bloc to sell their produce unless the price is reduced.
non-economic drivers of migration >>> - Diaspora communities: support, employability and access to
services withing community.
- Colonial and Commonwealth links: migrants from former colonies attracted to former ruling country as
a large diaspora community may exist or they may be familiar with the culture and language. They may
be encouraged to fill labour shortages (e.g. Windrush generation)
- Legislation permitting freedom of movement: parts of the world allow free movement of migrants
between countries. EU allows free movement of labour so large numbers of eastern europeans have
migrates to UK, France and Germany.
Superpower >>> country that can exert influence and power at a global scale. This can be hard power
(economic and military force) and soft power (cultural and diplomatic influence)
Why are superpowers attractive destinations for migrants? >>> Percieved opportunities of a better life,
familiarity with language and culture (i.e. as many European countries had empires with colonies in
different continents - spreading european language and culture), existing migrant community (diaspora).
G7 >>> group of seven of the most powerful countries in the world - USA, Germany, UK, Canada,
France, Italy and Japan.
Advantages of international migration for superpowers >>> - Migrants fill labour shortages.
- More skilled workers (e.g. Indian doctors working for NHS)
