NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2022 / 2023) Rasmussen

STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE? WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind, real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative PURPOSE – WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE – SELYE GAP SYNDROME STAGES, BODY’S RESPONSES TO STAGES – ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION: ALARM – the stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance; releases epi and norepi, and cortisol; Body has decreased resistance to stressors RESISTANCE – Body fights back by adjusting to the stress; body trying to return to homeostasis; Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids elevated for energy, growth and repair EXHAUSTION – Rest permits enhanced adaptation; No rest = overtraining, injury, lack of adaptation; point where body can no longer reach homeostasis; Allostatic overload – “cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response STRESS IN CHILDREN: PHYSIOLOGICAL – Immune system, stunt in growth, high blood pressure MEDIATORS OF STRESS, E.G. NOREPINEPHRINE, EPINEPHRINE, CORTISOL – WHAT DO THEY DO? Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during alarm stage; constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure; reduces gastric secretions and increases night and far vision Epinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during the alarm stage; enhances myocardial contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac output; causes bronchodilation; increases the release of glucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) – released during alarm stage; primary glucocorticoid; may be synergistic or antagonistic to catecholamines; suppresses the immune system, decreases serotonin, increases blood sugar, increases blood pressure, decreases sensitivity to pain, and heightens memory and attention