Human Growth & Development - Unit 1| 68 questions and answers.

Middle-late childhood Ages 6-12 characterized by acquiring skills and learning ID According to Freud we are born with this structure and it requires immediate gratification Operant Conditioning Is a perspective that emphasizes the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence including rewards which increase the likelihood of behavior and punishments which decrease the likelihood of behavior. Older Adulthood Ages 65-100+ characterized by longevity new opportunity amid physical decline Chronological Age How old one is Crisis The term Erikson uses to describe a stage of development with two opposing needs. Super Ego According to Freud, this develops at age 6 and represents a perfectionistic version of social reality. Development Patterns of change from conception to death Socio-emotional Development influenced by emotions, feelings, relationships, morality, and social context like education and culture Stability vs Change Refers to the question whether or not developmental characteristics remain the same throughout life or whether they vary significantly throughout life Qualitative Change that represents a reintegration and reorganization in type and character Theory A set of lenses that provide a perspective that shape our observations. An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain events and make developmental prediction. Traditional Developmental theory that reasoned that most of the important aspects of development are accomplished during childhood and adolescence with little to no change in adulthood, and decline in old age Life expectancy The average number of years a member of a species will probably live often based on birth year (currently 78 years) Latency During this psychosexual stage, the super-ego grows in strength and the child's ego learns to negotiation the competing demands of the id and superego. Prenatal or fetal The first 38 weeks after conception characterized by massive growth Pre-operational According to Piaget, at this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people but work to acquire the symbol representation of the world around them. Middle Age Ages 35-64 characterized by nurturing family, career, and community Biological Age How old one's body is compared to their chronological age Cognitive perspective Development influenced by thinking, language, intelligence, and conscious thought Continuous vs discontinuous The issue regarding whether development involves slow, gradual, cumulative change or distinctly different stages Critical Period A developmental time in the lifespan of an organism during which the organism is especially ready or sensitive to respond to certain environmental stimuli Assumptions are Core, untested beliefs that ground theory Sequential Research that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal studies by comparing several generations simultaneously and over several years. Life span The longest a species is capable of living which for humans is approximately 122 years Plastic A characteristic of the life span perspective contending that the organism is continually able to adapt to its surroundings and respond to the environment specifically allowing it to heal from trauma or injury and you really can teach an old dog new tricks at any age. Multidimensional A characteristic of the life span perspective noting that development includes interrelated aspects of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes that reciprocally influence each other Cohort Is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar historical experiences Early Childhood Ages 2-5 characterized by symbolism (vocabulary & imagination) Adolescence Ages 13-21 a period of life in which the biological and psychosocial transition from childhood to adulthood occurs characterized by puberty, identity and peers Psychological age How mature and adaptive one is compared to their chronological age Biological Development influenced by genetics and physical issues such as chemicals, eating, exercise, illness etc. Proximodistal The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities