Masonry Exam 2 exam questions and answers

MASONRY the building structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar, and can also refer to the unit itself masonry name the common materials of masonry construction brick, stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, and tile Masonry is generally a highly ______ form of construction, but can be affected by quality of materials used, mortar and worksmanship, and the patterns durable What is the most common use for masonry Walls of buildings, retaining walls, and monuments Masonry walls may be either ______-______ or ______ weight bearing or veneer Masonry works best in this type of structural condition compression and transverse light loads What can be added to masonry to increase its tensile and lateral strength steel reinforcement (rebar) or concrete fill in the voids The use of brick and stone can increase the _____ mass of a building thermal Most masonry does not require painting which can lead to reduced ____-_____ costs life cycle Masonry is very heat resistant thus providing excellent ____ protection fire Masonry walls are more resistant to projectiles, providing better protection from natural hazards such as _______ tornadoes and hurricanes What is the max life cycle of a masonry building, as compared to 30-100 years for steel or reinforced concrete buildings up to 500 years What is a major downfall to masonry construction due to weather frost damage and the freeze thaw cycle Masonry tends to be ______, and must be built upon a strong foundation, such as reinforced concrete, to avoid settling and cracking heavy Masonry construction does not lend itself to mechanization, and requires more _____ ____ than stick framing skilled labor How can the tensile strength of masonry walls be increased Thickening the wall, building masonry piers at intervals, or adding steel reinforcement What is a masonry pier a vertical column or rib at an interval consists of masonry units, usually clay-based bricks, installed on one or both sides of a usually wood or concrete structurally independent wall veneer masonry How are the veneers connected to the structural walls brick ties, metal strips that are attached to the structural wall, as mortar joints of the brick veneer There is typically a ____ ___ between the wall and the veneer air gap As clay based brick is usually not completely waterproof, the structural wall is will often have a _____ _____ surface (usually tar paper) and weep holes water resistant what are the weep holes for? they are left at the bottom of the brick veneer to drain moisture that accumulates inside the air gap Most insulated buildings that use masonry feature ______ insulation in the form of fiberglass batts between wooden wall studs or in the form of rigid insulation boards covered with plaster or drywall interior On what part of the wall is the insulation more effective exterior, because it allows the building interior to take advantage of the thermal mass qualities of masonry, but this requires waterproofing which is more expensive utilizes the friction between the interlocking blocks of masonry, sometimes using grooves or other surface features to enhance this interlocking, and sometimes forgo mortar altogether dry set masonry walls that do not contain reinforcement. Standard at beginning of 20th century. no continuous cavities within. tend to be low solid masonry walls composed of at least two wythes with a continuous vertical cavity seperating them cavity walls What is the main reason for using a cavity wall resist moisture penetration within the cavity wall, also improves thermal properties and sound/fire resistance cavity walls that are built of concrete block units that support a stone or brick facing layer composite walls Each row of bricks is known as a ______ course every sixth course composed of headers common bond alternating header and stretcher bonds on every course flemish bond Vertically _______ bonds tend to be somewhat stronger and less prone to major cracking than a non-staggered bond staggered bricks that have a darker color or irregular shape attempting to look particularly rustic burnt brick an attempt to age a brick by applying a certain surface treatment tumbling large rectangular brick used in construction concrete masonry unit other types of CMU cinder blocks and clinker blocks produced using aerated concrete lightweight block Name two advantages of using CMU 1. larger than ordinary bricks and are faster to lay 2. have much lower water absorption rates than brick CMU is often used as the ______ core for brick veneer structural contains synthetic fibers for reinforcement, is sometimes used in this application and can impart extra strength to a block wall surface bonding cement Why are concrete blocks produced with hollow centers reduce weight or improve insulation Nominal size of CMU Actual size of CMU 8 x 8 x 16 7-5/8 x 7-5/8 x 15-5/8 what is the structural advantage to cmu over smaller clay based block fill the block voids with concrete with or without steel rebar What/where voids are designated for filling and reinforcement corners, wall-ends, and openings Typically, structures made of CMUs will have the top course of blocks in the walls filled with concrete and tied together with steel reinforcement to form a ______ _____ bond beam Another type of steel reinforcement, referred to as _____-________, can also be embedded in horizontal mortar joints of concrete block walls ladder-reinforcement _-______ _____ or notches allow the construction of bond beams or lintel assemblies, using horizontal reinforcing grouted into place in the cavity U-shaped blocks Blocks with a channel on the end, known as ____ ______, allow doors to be secured to wall assemblies. jamb blocks Blocks with grooved ends permit the construction of control joints, allowing a filler material to be anchored between the un-mortared block ends Other features, such as radiused corners known as "bullnoses" may be incorporated. A wide variety of decorative profiles also exist. CMU can be manufactured to provide a variety of surface appearances. They can be colored or painted. They can be split as part of the manufacturing process, giving the blocks a roughface replicating the appearance of natural stone, such as brownstone. CMUs may also be scored, ribbed, sandblasted, polished,striated (raked or brushed), include decorative aggregates, be allowed to slump in a controlled fashion during curing, or includeseveral of these techniques in their manufacture to provide a decorative appearance. "Glazed concrete masonry units are manufactured by bonding a permanent colored facing (typically composed of polyester resins, silica sand and various other chemicals) to a concrete masonry unit, providing a smooth impervious surface." A chalky, powdery residue that appears on the exterior surface of a masonry wall, caused by water within wall efflorescence Stone blocks used in masonry can be ______ or _____. dressed, rough Stone masonry utilizing dressed stones is known as _____ ______ ashlar masonry masonry using irregularly shaped stones is known as _____ ______ rubble masonry Both rubble and ashlar masonry can be laid in coursed rows of even height through the careful selection or cutting of stones, but a great deal of stone masonry is uncoursed. Natural ______ ________ over CMU, cast-in-place, or tilt-up concrete walls are widely used to give the appearance of stone masonry stone veneers Sometimes river rock of smooth oval-shaped stones is used as a veneer. This type of material is not favored for solid masonry as it requires a great amount of mortar and can lack intrinsic structural strength