PN Exam
Complication of an MI that occurs when the pumping power of the heart has diminished>>> heart
failure
Results when the infarcted myocardial wall is thin and bulges out during contraction>>> ventricular
aneurysm
Characterized by chest pain, which may vary from mild to severe, and is aggravated by inspiration,
coughing, and movement of the upper body>>> pericarditis
A patient has a severe blockage in his right coronary artery. Which cardiac structure is mostly likely to be
affected by this?
A. Atrioventricular (AV) node
B. Left ventricle
C. Coronary sinus
D. Pulmonary valve>>> A - The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies blood to the right atrium, the right
ventricle, and a portion of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. In 90% of people, the RCA supplies
blood to the AV node, the bundle of His, and part of the cardiac conduction system.
If the Purkinje system is damaged, conduction of the electrical impulse is impaired through the
A. atria.
B. AV node.
C. ventricles.
D. bundle of His.>>> C - VENTRICLES.
The action potential of the electrical impulse diffuses widely through the walls of both ventricles by
means of Purkinje fibers.
The portion of the vascular system responsible for hemostasis is the
,A. thin capillary vessels.
B. endothelial layer of the arteries.
C. elastic middle layer of the veins.
D. smooth muscle of the arterial wall.>>> C - The innermost lining of the arteries is the endothelium. The
endothelium maintains hemostasis, promotes blood flow, and under normal conditions, inhibits blood
coagulation.
When a person's blood pressure rises, the homeostatic mechanism that compensates for the elevation
involves stimulation of
A. baroreceptors that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation.
B. chemoreceptors that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation.
C. baroreceptors that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation.
D. chemoreceptors that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing the heart rate.>>> A -
baroreceptors that inhibit the SNS, causing VASODILATION
Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial
system. Stimulation of these receptors sends information to the vasomotor center in the brainstem. This
results in temporary inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system and enhancement of the
parasympathetic influence, decreasing the heart rate and peripheral vasodilation.
You are providing care for a patient who has decreased cardiac output related to heart failure. You
recognize that cardiac output is
A. calculated by multiplying the patient's stroke volume by the heart rate.
B. the average amount of blood ejected during one complete cardiac cycle.
C. determined by measuring the electrical activity of the heart and the patient's heart rate.
D. the patient's average resting heart rate multiplied by the patient's mean arterial blood pressure.>>>
A) CO = SV x HR
,Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the patient's stroke volume by heart rate, identifying how
much blood is pumped by the heart over a 1-minute period. Electrical activity of the heart and blood
pressure are not direct components of cardiac output.
Which cardiovascular effects of aging should you anticipate when providing care for older adults (select
all that apply)?
A. Arterial stiffening
B. Increased blood pressure
C. Increased maximal heart rate
D. Decreased maximal heart rate
E. Increased recovery time from activity
E. Increased recovery time from activity>>> A, B, D, E.
Well-documented cardiovascular effects of the aging process include arterial stiffening, possible
increased blood pressure, and an increased amount of time that is required for recovery from activity.
Maximal heart rate tends to decrease rather than increase with age.
The patient is positioned sitting upright and learning forward. After exhalation, you auscultate a high-
pitched scratchy heart sound intermittently at the apex. What is the best interpretation of this sound?
A. The patient has a I/VI heart murmur.
B. An S4 atrial gallop is heard.
C. Pericardial friction rub is caused by pericarditis.
D. Normal splitting of the S2 cardiac sound is heard.>>> C - pericardial friction rub
, Pericardial friction rubs are sounds caused by friction that occurs when inflamed surfaces of the
pericardium (pericarditis) move against each other. They are high-pitched, scratchy sounds that are
heard best at the apex with the patient upright and leaning forward and after expiration. A murmur is
caused by turbulent blood flow across diseased heart values; a I/VI murmur is barely audible. An S4
heart sound is a low-frequency vibration that precedes the S1. Normal splitting of S2 is best heard at the
pulmonic area during inspiration.
What are considered significant findings related to cardiac disease (select all that apply)?
A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
B. Body mass index (BMI) of 22 kg/m2
C. History of streptococcal throat infections
D. Nocturia
E. Otitis media>>> A, C, and D
Attacks of shortness of breath, especially at night, that awaken the patient are associated with heart
failure. History of improperly treated streptococcal sore throat can cause heart valve damage. Nocturia
is a common finding with cardiovascular patients. A BMI of 22 kg/m2 is normal. There is no relationship
between otitis media and cardiac disease.
The auscultatory area in the left midclavicular line at the level of the fifth intercostal space (ICS) is the
A. aortic valve area.
B. mitral valve area.
C. tricuspid valve area.
D. pulmonic valve area.>>> A - The mitral valve can be assessed by auscultation at the left midclavicular
line at the fifth ICS.
Which is a correct aspect of a cardiac assessment?
A. Auscultate the carotid artery to hear a thrill.
B. The point of maximal impulse is at the fifth left intercostal space.
C. Erb's point is located at the right second intercostals space.
Complication of an MI that occurs when the pumping power of the heart has diminished>>> heart
failure
Results when the infarcted myocardial wall is thin and bulges out during contraction>>> ventricular
aneurysm
Characterized by chest pain, which may vary from mild to severe, and is aggravated by inspiration,
coughing, and movement of the upper body>>> pericarditis
A patient has a severe blockage in his right coronary artery. Which cardiac structure is mostly likely to be
affected by this?
A. Atrioventricular (AV) node
B. Left ventricle
C. Coronary sinus
D. Pulmonary valve>>> A - The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies blood to the right atrium, the right
ventricle, and a portion of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. In 90% of people, the RCA supplies
blood to the AV node, the bundle of His, and part of the cardiac conduction system.
If the Purkinje system is damaged, conduction of the electrical impulse is impaired through the
A. atria.
B. AV node.
C. ventricles.
D. bundle of His.>>> C - VENTRICLES.
The action potential of the electrical impulse diffuses widely through the walls of both ventricles by
means of Purkinje fibers.
The portion of the vascular system responsible for hemostasis is the
,A. thin capillary vessels.
B. endothelial layer of the arteries.
C. elastic middle layer of the veins.
D. smooth muscle of the arterial wall.>>> C - The innermost lining of the arteries is the endothelium. The
endothelium maintains hemostasis, promotes blood flow, and under normal conditions, inhibits blood
coagulation.
When a person's blood pressure rises, the homeostatic mechanism that compensates for the elevation
involves stimulation of
A. baroreceptors that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation.
B. chemoreceptors that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation.
C. baroreceptors that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation.
D. chemoreceptors that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing the heart rate.>>> A -
baroreceptors that inhibit the SNS, causing VASODILATION
Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial
system. Stimulation of these receptors sends information to the vasomotor center in the brainstem. This
results in temporary inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system and enhancement of the
parasympathetic influence, decreasing the heart rate and peripheral vasodilation.
You are providing care for a patient who has decreased cardiac output related to heart failure. You
recognize that cardiac output is
A. calculated by multiplying the patient's stroke volume by the heart rate.
B. the average amount of blood ejected during one complete cardiac cycle.
C. determined by measuring the electrical activity of the heart and the patient's heart rate.
D. the patient's average resting heart rate multiplied by the patient's mean arterial blood pressure.>>>
A) CO = SV x HR
,Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the patient's stroke volume by heart rate, identifying how
much blood is pumped by the heart over a 1-minute period. Electrical activity of the heart and blood
pressure are not direct components of cardiac output.
Which cardiovascular effects of aging should you anticipate when providing care for older adults (select
all that apply)?
A. Arterial stiffening
B. Increased blood pressure
C. Increased maximal heart rate
D. Decreased maximal heart rate
E. Increased recovery time from activity
E. Increased recovery time from activity>>> A, B, D, E.
Well-documented cardiovascular effects of the aging process include arterial stiffening, possible
increased blood pressure, and an increased amount of time that is required for recovery from activity.
Maximal heart rate tends to decrease rather than increase with age.
The patient is positioned sitting upright and learning forward. After exhalation, you auscultate a high-
pitched scratchy heart sound intermittently at the apex. What is the best interpretation of this sound?
A. The patient has a I/VI heart murmur.
B. An S4 atrial gallop is heard.
C. Pericardial friction rub is caused by pericarditis.
D. Normal splitting of the S2 cardiac sound is heard.>>> C - pericardial friction rub
, Pericardial friction rubs are sounds caused by friction that occurs when inflamed surfaces of the
pericardium (pericarditis) move against each other. They are high-pitched, scratchy sounds that are
heard best at the apex with the patient upright and leaning forward and after expiration. A murmur is
caused by turbulent blood flow across diseased heart values; a I/VI murmur is barely audible. An S4
heart sound is a low-frequency vibration that precedes the S1. Normal splitting of S2 is best heard at the
pulmonic area during inspiration.
What are considered significant findings related to cardiac disease (select all that apply)?
A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
B. Body mass index (BMI) of 22 kg/m2
C. History of streptococcal throat infections
D. Nocturia
E. Otitis media>>> A, C, and D
Attacks of shortness of breath, especially at night, that awaken the patient are associated with heart
failure. History of improperly treated streptococcal sore throat can cause heart valve damage. Nocturia
is a common finding with cardiovascular patients. A BMI of 22 kg/m2 is normal. There is no relationship
between otitis media and cardiac disease.
The auscultatory area in the left midclavicular line at the level of the fifth intercostal space (ICS) is the
A. aortic valve area.
B. mitral valve area.
C. tricuspid valve area.
D. pulmonic valve area.>>> A - The mitral valve can be assessed by auscultation at the left midclavicular
line at the fifth ICS.
Which is a correct aspect of a cardiac assessment?
A. Auscultate the carotid artery to hear a thrill.
B. The point of maximal impulse is at the fifth left intercostal space.
C. Erb's point is located at the right second intercostals space.
