AP Psychology Unit 1 Set 1 exam questions and answers 2023/24

structuralism an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind functionalism a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish behaviorism the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) humanistic psychology historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth psychology the science of behavior and mental processes nature-nurture issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture natural selection the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations level of analysis the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon biopsychosocial approach an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis biological psychology a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes evolutionary psychology the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection psychodynamic psychology a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders behavioral psychology the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning cognitive psychology the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin social-cultural psychology the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking psychometrics the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base developmental psychology the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span educational psychology the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning personality psychology the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting social psychology the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another applied research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces human factors psychology the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments counseling psychology a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being clinical psychology a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy Aristotle Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. Charles Darwin English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection () William James founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment