final_review_insy complete test #GRADED A#.

Chapter 1:
 Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos, and video
into data that can be processed by digital devices.
 The 0s and 1s used to represent digital data are referred to as binary digits (bits).
 A digital file (or simply a file), is a named collection of data that exits on a
storage medium, such as a hard disk, CD, DVD, or flash drive.

 The word bit, an abbreviation for binary digit, can be further abbreviated as a lowercase b
 A group of eight bits is called a byte and is usually abbreviated as an uppercase B
 Data compression refers to any technique that recodes the data in a file so that
it contains fewer bits
 Sampling rate refers to the number of times per second that a sound is measured
during the recording process
 Speech synthesis is the process by which machines produce sound that resembles
spoken words
 Speech recognition (or voice recognition) refers to the ability of a machine to
understand spoken words
 Speech recognition software analyzes the sounds of your voice and converts
each word into groups of phonemes (basic sound units)
 The software then compares the groups to the words in a digital dictionary to
find a match
 When a match is found, the software can display the word on the screen or use
it to carry out a command

 A bitmap graphic is composed of a grid of tiny rectangular cells. Each cell is a picture
element, commonly called a pixel
 High-resolution graphics contain more data than low-resolution graphics; more data
makes it possible to display and print high-quality images that are sharper and
clearer
 Run-length encoding (RLE) is a type of lossless compression that replaces a series of
similarly colored pixels with a binary code that indicates the number of pixels and
their colors
 A vector graphic consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture
 A vector graphic consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture
 Vector graphics are used for line art, logos, simple illustrations,
infographic elements, and diagrams

,  3-D Graphics are based on vectors stored as a set of instructions describing
the coordinates for lines and shapes in a three-dimensional space

 Vectors form a wireframe that works like the framework for a tent
 The process of covering the wireframe surface with color and texture is called
rendering
 The technique for adding light and shadows to a 3-D image is called ray tracing

 Digital video displays bitmap images in rapid succession
 Each bitmap image is referred to as a frame
 The number of frames that are displayed per second is the frame rate (fps)


Chapter 2:
 The instructions that tell a digital device how to carry out processing tasks are referred
to as a computer program, or simply a program
 Computers run three main types of software:

 Application software
 Word processors

 Audio Apps
 Spreadsheet Software

 System software
 Operating systems
 CPU Monitoring
 Device Drivers

 Development tools
 Programming Languages
 Scripting Languages
 Debugging Tools
 Application Software is a set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task

,  The primary purpose of system software is to help the computer system monitor itself
in order to function efficiently (an example of system software is a computer operating
system or OS)
 Development tools are used for creating software applications, Web sites,
operating systems, and utilities
 Supercomputers: considered the fastest computers in the world at the time of
construction; can tackle complex tasks other computers cannot; typical use
includes breaking codes, modeling weather systems, and simulating nuclear
explosions
 Mainframes: a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing
data for hundreds or thousands of users; looks like a closet sized cabinet; used to provide
centralized storage, processing and management for large amounts of data
 Servers: “serves” data to computers in a network; Google search results are provided
by servers; about the size of a desk draw and mounted in racks of multiple servers
 A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions
 Processors based on ARM technology dominate tablet computers and smartphones
 ARM technology was originally designed by ARM Holdings, a British
technology company founded by Acorn Computers, Apple Inc., and
VLSI Technology
 ARM processors are energy efficient – an important characteristic for battery
powered devices
 ARM processors are found in iPads, iPhones, and Surface tablets
 With serial processing, the processor must complete all steps in the instruction
cycle before it begins to execute the next instruction
 Parallel processing executes more than one instruction at a time and works well
with today’s multicore microprocessors
 RAM (random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application
program instructions, and the operating system
 Magnetic storage technology is used for desktop and laptop hard disk drives, as well
as the storage devices used in enterprise computing installations and cloud services
 Magnetic storage represents data by magnetizing microscopic particles on a
disk or tape surface
 A hard disk drive contains one or more platters and their associated read-write
heads
 A hard disk platter is a flat, rigid disk made of aluminum or glass and coated
with magnetic iron oxide particles