PHIL102 – saylor academy Final Study Questions and answers.

PHIL102 – saylor academy Final Study Questions and answers. literal meaning - A sentence's grammatical structure and the conventional meanings assigned to the words used Conversational implicature - information that is understood through inference but is not actually said in a conversation implied meaning - This is a suggested, but not stated meaning reportive definition - A dictionary-type definition that attempts to capture how a word is normally used stipulative definition - assigns a new meaning to a term precising definition - seeks to make more precise what was previously vague or fuzzy persuasive definition - A definition that aims at persuading the listener one way or another toward the term being defined. factual dispute - occurs when people disagree on a matter that involves facts verbal dispute - when a vague or ambiguous term results in a linguistic misunderstanding necessary condition - a condition without which another event cannot occur sufficient condition - a condition that will certainly bring about another event antecedent - The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. consequent - the outcome of the hypothetical condition obscure - difficult to see, vague lexical ambiguity - A situation in which a word has two or more meanings. Example: pen-writing instrument pen- a place where pigs live referentially ambiguous - A sentence in which a single word does not explicitly refer Ex: Person A and Person B got into the car and they turned on the air conditioning". It's not clear which person turned on the AC. syntactically ambiguous - sentence's grammatical structure is unclear, words have multiple but determinate meanings Ex: "Politicians are frightening people" Vagueness - indefiniteness, uncertainty. Meanings are indeterminate Ex: "Dinner will be done in a while." incompletely expressed idea - Self-explanatory. Ex: "Will this test be like the last one?" Instead of, "How will this test be similar to the last one? Are we talking length, difficulty, or content?" distortions of meaning - can result in an erroneously positive or negative disposition reification - viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing category mistake - Attributing a property to something that could not possibly have that property. Ex: Comparing apples and oranges and placing apples in the "citrus" category. premises - The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true. conclusion - a judgement based on the information obtained valid argument - a deductive argument that does in fact provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion invalid argument - a deductive argument that does not offer logically conclusive support for the conclusion contradiction - a statement that is the opposite of another statement sound argument - a valid argument with true premises standard form - Organizing your argument by writing out the premises and conclusion in list form makes the structure clearer counterexample - an example used to support a claim or statement that is the opposite of another claim or statement truth value - the truth or falsity of a statement reductio ad absurdum - (reduction to the absurd) a disproof by showing that the consequences of the proposition are absurd Modus ponens - If P then Q P Therefore Q Modus tollens - If P then Q Not Q Therefore not P Hypothetical syllogism - if p then q if q then r therefore if p then r disjunctive syllogism - P or Q Not P