HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide
2023/ 169 Questions and Answers/ Verified/
Graded A+
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - -Dendritic cells, macrophages, and
mast cells
-Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - -Monocytes and
neutrophils
-Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - -Macrophages and neutrophils
-Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - -Neutrophils are short lived and
will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat
apoptotic cells and waste
-General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) - -
Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules
that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and
proteins into tissue
-Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - -Mast cell
-Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
-Adhesion molecules
-E-Selectin - -An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in
innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
,-E-Selectin Ligand - -A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick
to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
-ICAM-1 - -An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel
endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
-Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - -A class of adhesion molecules expressed
on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during
the innate inflammatory response
-Stable Arrest - -When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium
thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
-Pus - -Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory
response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
-Psoriasis overview - -Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis;
Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an
inflammatory response
-Psoriasis risk factors - -History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative
with psoriasis
-TNF-alpha in psoriasis - -A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that
recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce
thickened/raised patches
-Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - -Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha
and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and
prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
, -Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - -Susceptibility to
infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
-Most abundant leukocyte - -Neutrophils
-What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - -Extracellular
bacterial infections
-Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - -A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases
type 1 interferons
-Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at
producing them - -Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral
infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
-The Antiviral State - -Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons;
proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will
die, RNAse activity is induced
-Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - -Molecules that are commonly
expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can
be on cell surface or released from cells
-Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - -Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin
-Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - -Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell wall,
flagellin
-Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - -Receptors that bind to PAMPs and activate an
immune response; important in innate immunity
2023/ 169 Questions and Answers/ Verified/
Graded A+
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - -Dendritic cells, macrophages, and
mast cells
-Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - -Monocytes and
neutrophils
-Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - -Macrophages and neutrophils
-Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - -Neutrophils are short lived and
will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat
apoptotic cells and waste
-General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) - -
Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules
that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and
proteins into tissue
-Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - -Mast cell
-Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
-Adhesion molecules
-E-Selectin - -An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in
innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
,-E-Selectin Ligand - -A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick
to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
-ICAM-1 - -An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel
endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
-Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - -A class of adhesion molecules expressed
on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during
the innate inflammatory response
-Stable Arrest - -When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium
thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
-Pus - -Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory
response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
-Psoriasis overview - -Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis;
Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an
inflammatory response
-Psoriasis risk factors - -History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative
with psoriasis
-TNF-alpha in psoriasis - -A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that
recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce
thickened/raised patches
-Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - -Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha
and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and
prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
, -Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - -Susceptibility to
infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
-Most abundant leukocyte - -Neutrophils
-What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - -Extracellular
bacterial infections
-Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - -A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases
type 1 interferons
-Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at
producing them - -Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral
infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
-The Antiviral State - -Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons;
proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will
die, RNAse activity is induced
-Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - -Molecules that are commonly
expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can
be on cell surface or released from cells
-Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - -Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin
-Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - -Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell wall,
flagellin
-Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - -Receptors that bind to PAMPs and activate an
immune response; important in innate immunity
