Nursing 250 Final 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Physiological needs - correct answermaslow; physical dimension ex: breathing, circulation, temperature, intake of foods and fluids, elimination of water, movement, pain safety and security - correct answermaslow; environmental dimension; ex) housing, community, neighborhood, climate love and belonging needs - correct answermaslow; sociocultural dimension; ex) relationship w/others, communication w/ others, support systems, being part of a community, feeling loved by others self esteem needs - correct answermaslow; emotional dimension; ex) fear, sadness, loneliness, happiness, accepting self self actualization needs - correct answermaslow; intellectual and spiritual dimension; ex) thinking, learning, decision-making, values, beliefs, fulfillment, helping others health perception-health management patterns - correct answerGFHP; client's perceived health and well being, how health is managed ex) compliance with medication regimen, use of health-promotion activities such as regular exercise, annual checkups nutritional-metabolic pattern - correct answerGFHP; food and fluid intake relative to metabolic need, nurses observation important: intake and output record, health tracking (Diet, calories, energy expenditure), pattern varies across lifespan ex) conditions of skin, teeth, hair, nails, mucous membranes, height and weight elimination pattern - correct answerGFHP; excretory function of bowel, bladder, skin, nurses observation of feces urine, sweat, key to body physiologic functions ex) frequency of bowel movements, voiding pattern, pain on urination, appearance of urine and stool activity and exercise pattern - correct answerGFHP; physical activity and exercise, leisure and recreation, nurses help with ADL ex) exercise, hobbies. may include CV and respiratory status, mobility and ADLs sleep and rest pattern - correct answerGFHP; sleep, rest, and relaxation ex) nurses observation: problems in this area spill over into other areas ex) perception of quality/quantity of sleep and energy cognitive and perceptual pattern - correct answerGFHP; cognitive, sensory-perceptual, memory, most affected by sleep deficits, nurses can help with assertive devices as memory aids ex) hearing, vision, touch, taste, smell, pain perception and management, cognitive functions: language, memory, decision making self perception and self concept pattern - correct answerGFHP; perception of self and self concept, nurses help with body comfort, body image, and feeling/emotional state ex) body comfort, body image, feeling state, attitudes about self, perception of abilities, abilities, objective data such as body posture, eye contact, voice tone, role and relationship pattern - correct answerGFHP; role engagements and relationships with others, nurse assesses client's functioning in different roles of life, as mother, father, employee etc. nurse helps with relationship problems ex) perception of current major roles and responsibilities; satisfaction with family, work, or social relationships sexuality and reproductive patterns - correct answerGFHP; sexuality and gender identity, sexual needs and performance, nurse assesses client's satisfaction and dissatisfaction with gender issues, sexuality and reproduction ex) number and history of pregnancies and childbirth, difficulties with sexual functioning and satisfaction with sexual relationship coping and stress tolerance pattern - correct answerGFHP; management of stresses of daily life as well as extraordinary stresses that come with lines and disability, nurse assess client's general coping pattern and effectiveness in stress tolerance ex) clients usual manner of handling stress, available support systems, perceived ability to control or manage situations value belief pattern - correct answerGFHP; cleats sense of values and what he believes in, religion, nurse assesses values, beliefs (including spiritual), or goals that guide choices or decisions ex) religious affiliation, what client perceives as important in life, value-belief conflicts related to health, special religious practices nurse manager - correct answerPlans: identify and devleop organize: use resources to meet objectives direct: leads others towards goals and finances controls: continuous elevation five rights of delegation - correct answernurse manager: right task, right circumstance, right person, right direction/communication, right supervision active listening - correct answertherapeutic; being attentive to what client is saying, verbally and non verbally. sit facing client, open posture, lean towards client, eye contact and relax sharing observations - correct answertherapeutic; making observations by commenting on how the other person looks, sounds, or acts ex) "you look tired" or "i haven't seen you eating anything today" sharing empathy - correct answertherapeutic; the ability to understand and accept another person's reality to accurately perceive feelings, and to communicate understanding ex) it must be frustrating to know what you want to do and not be able to do it sharing humor - correct answertherapeutic; contributes to feelings of togetherness, closeness, and friendliness, promotes positive communication through: prevention, perception and perspective sharing feelings - correct answertherapeutic; nurses can help clients express their emotions by making observations, acknowledging feelings, and encouraging communication, giving permission to express "negative" feelings and modeling healthy anger using touch - correct answertherapeutic; most potent form of communication, comfort touch such as holding hand, is especially important for clients who are experiencing severe illness silence - correct answertherapeutic; time for the nurse and client to observe one another, sort out feelings, thinking of how to say things and consider what has been verbally communicated. the nurse should allow the client to break providing information - correct answertherapeutic; relevant information is important to make decisions experience less anxiety, and feel safe and secure ex) "susie is getting and EKG right now which is a test that uses painless sound waves to create a moving picture of her heart structures and its valves; is should tell whats causing her murmur" clarifying - correct answertherapeutic; to check whether understanding is accurate or to better understand the nurse rests and unclear or ambiguous message to clarify the sender's meaning ex) "i'm not sure i understand what you mean by 'sicker than usual', whats different now?" focusing - correct answertherapeutic;taking notice of a single idea expressed or even a single word ex) on a scale of 0-10 tell me the level of pain you are experiencing in your great toe right now" paraphrasing - correct answertherapeutic; restating another's message more briefly using one's own words. it consists of repeating in fewer and fresher words the essential ideas of the client ex) "i can't focus, my mind keeps wandering" --> " you're having difficulty concentrating?" asking relevant questions - correct answertherapeutic; to seek information needed for decision-making, asking one question at a time and fully exploring one topic before moving to another area, open-ended questions allow for taking the conversational lead and introducing pertinent info about a topic ex) "what is your biggest problem at the moment?" or "hows that pain effecting your life at home?" summarizing - correct answertherapeutic; pulls together info for documentation, gives client a sense you understand; concise review of an interaction, closure ex) "it is my understanding your arm pain is at a level 1 since taking a vicodin and hour ago. taking pain meds before therapy helps to complete activities. Is this correct?" self disclosure - correct answertherapeutic; subjectively true personal experiences about the self are intentionally revealed to another person of rate purpose of emphasizing both similarities and differences of experiences. expression of genuineness and honesty. Used sparingly. ex) "this happened to me once too..it was devastating" confrontation - correct answertherapeutic; helping clent become more aware of inconsistencies in his or her feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. only to be used after trust has been established and you should use it gently with sensitivity. ex) you say you've already decided what to do, yet you're till talking a lot about options" asking personal questions - correct answernon-therapeutic; asking questions irrelevant to the situation; unprofessional or inappropriate ex) why aren't you married to mary? giving personal opinions - correct answernon-therapeutic; takes away from clients decision making, remember the problem and the solution belongs to the patient and not the nurse ex)"if i were you i would put your father in a nursing home" changing the subject - correct answernon-therapeutic; rude and shows lack of empathy, blocks further communication and says you don't really care about what they're sharing ex) "lets not talk about insurance problems, its time for your walk" automatic responses - correct answernon-therapeutic; generalizations and stereotypes that reflect poorly on nursing judgement and threaten the nurse, client or team relationships ex) "administration doesn't care about the staff" false reassurances - correct answernon-therapeutic; phrases that are not based on fact or on reality and can do more harm than good; these comments block conversation and discourage further expressions of feelings ex) "dont worry, everything will be fine" sympathy - correct answernon-therapeutic; focuses on the nurses feelings rather than the clients. show concern but more sorrow and pity than trying to understand how the client feels. subjective look at the patients world that prevents a clear perspective of the issues confronting that person ex) "i'm sorry about your amputation, it must be horrible to lose a leg" asking for explanations - correct answernon-therapeutic; clients frequently interpret questions as accusations, why questions can cause resentment, insecurity, and mistrust. its best to phrase a question to avoid using the word "why" ex) "why are you so upset?" approval or disapproval - correct answernon-therapeutic; nurses must not impose their own attitudes, values, beliefs, and moral standards on others, while in the professional helping role. judgmental responses by nurse often contain terms such as should, ought, good, bad, right or wrong. agreeing or disagreeing sends subtle messages that nurses have the right to make value judgements about client's decisions ex) "you shouldn't think about assisted suicide, it just isn't right" defensive responses - correct answernon-therapeutic; when clients express criticism nurses should listen to what they're saying listening doesn't imply agreement. to discover reasons for clients anger or dissatisfaction, the nurse must listen uncritically ex)" no one here would intentionally lie to you" passive or aggressive responses - correct answernon-therapeutic; avoid conflict or sidestep issues. they reflect feelings of sadness, depression, anxiety, powerlessness, and hopelessness. reflect feelings of anger frustration, resentment, and stress ex)"things are bad and there is nothing you can do about it" arguing - correct answernon-therapeutic; challenging against perceptions denies that they are real and valid to the other person. they imply that the other person is lying, misinformed, or uneducated ex) "how can you say that you didn't sleep a wink when i heard you snoring all night long!" open ended questions - correct answerallows for a variety of responses close ended questions - correct answerlimited choices, only one or two words responses language adjustment - correct answer-assimilate as they get out of home -children adapt quicker to language -pertinent words - family to interpret or interpreter? - do not talk louder -make good eye contact men in nursing - correct answerwe need more to diversify the field, they are strong and can lift bigger patients, they are tactile learners whereas their counterparts are auditory learners culture - correct answershared system of beliefs, values, behavioral expectations -provides social structure for daily living -defines roles and interactions with others subculture - correct answerlarge group of people who are members of a larger cultural group -hae certain ethnic, occupational or physical characteristics not common to larger culture cultural assimilation - correct answeracculturation; minorities living within dominant group lose the characteristics that made them different ex)living in city and then moving to the country race - correct answertypically based off specific characteristics such as: skin pigment, body stature, facial features, hair texture classifications: american indian/Alaskan, Asian, Black/African American, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, White ethnicity - correct answersense of identification with a collective cultural group, largely based on group's common heritage, beliefs, and traditions dominant - correct answerlargest group; has at the most authority to control values and sanctions minority - correct answersmaller group; a physical or cultural characteristic identifies the people as differnt stereotyping - correct answerone assumes that all members of a culture or ethnic group act alike cultural conflict - correct answerfeel threatened by differences and use ridicule cultural blindness - correct answerdifferences are ignored, act like none exist cultural imposition - correct answereveryone should conform to the majority culturally competent care - correct answer-care must be sensitive to needs of individuals, families, or groups from diverse cultures - healthcare system is a culture with customs, rules, values, and a language of its own -nursing is the largest subculture of the healthcare system health disparities - correct answeraffecting culturally diverse interactions -cultural background of each participant - expectations and beliefs of each person about healthcare -cultural context of the encounter -degree of agreement between the sets of beliefs and values of the two persons ethnocentrism - correct answerones beliefs are the best to avoid: -know yourself and accept others -merge own beliefs and healthcare profession ethics - correct answergovern the nurses moral decision - what is right and wrong -deals with standards of conduct and moral judgement -professional conduct -to make decisions--> direct nurses to death with human interactions involving integrity of life/health utilitarian theory - correct answerethics theory; whether an action is right or wrong depends on consequences of action (greatest number for greatest good) deontologic theory - correct answerethics theory; consequences do not help to determine if action is right or wrong (moral standards exist independently of the consequences) ex) abortion/ Plan B bioethics - correct answerthe life sciences, human nature and behavior, genetics; promotion of dignity and respect if clients as people based on 5 principles: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity autonomy - correct answerrespect rights of patients to make healthcare decisions (patient advocate ex)patient refuses insertion of feeding tube nonmalefience - correct answeravoid causing harm ex) refusing to administer pain meds as ordered beneficence - correct answerbenefit the patient; doing good or promoting good ex) the nurse gives patient who had surgery pain meds justice - correct answergiving each his or her due and acting fairly ex) nurse makes an effort to ensure that the less acute client still receives as much time and attention as the more acute clients fidelity - correct answerkeeping promises and providing of all patient needs ex) promising to return with patients pain medications despite families wish to continue treatment which may not allow for pain meds ethical dilemma - correct answertwo or more clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent course of action ethical distress - correct answerthe nurse knows the right thing to do but factors make it difficult to follow correct course of action nurse and patient - correct answerethical issues; relationship is central to care based approach of bioethics -paternalism: acting as a parent and preventing harm -deception: shots and procedures -confidentiality -allocation of scarce resources: short staffed -advocacy: protection and support if another rights nurses and physicians - correct answerethical issues; do not back down with right vs wrong you have the right to refuse a doctors orders if you know what is the wrong thing to do nurses and other nurses - correct answerethical issues; if you suspect other nurse is going against ethical codes you have right to report her actions values - correct answerbeliefs held by an individual or group about what matters -standard to help you determine how to behave -belief that is meaningful, influences relationships that you may develop -formed during life and affected by surroundings -affecting health: responsibility, discipline, and cooperation values conflict - correct answermay be affect by human needs, nurses should examine client's and their own values regarding conflict prizing - correct answerexpressions of pride/happiness and are part of the value process altruism - correct answervalue type; concern for welling being of others (understanding; advocacy) autonomy - correct answervalue type; being independent (helps patient to make decisions) human dignity - correct answervalue type; respecting others (privacy, cultures) integrity - correct answervalue type; honesty and practices accountability social justice - correct answervalue type; equal treatment for all (uphold principles) modeling - correct answertransmission of values; socially acceptable or NOT acceptable; learn from family and peers moralizing - correct answertransmission of values; taught by parents or institutions like the church about what is right and wrong...they are not allowed to weight the options laissez-faire - correct answertransmission of values; children are allowed to explore opportunities on their own with no guidance and can have them become confused and struggle with conflicts rewarding and punishing - correct answertransmission of values; rewards are giving to children who follow parents values and punishment for not doing so responsible choice - correct answertransmission of values; children are allowed to explore different values and their use and consequence; development of a personal values system is made and support and guidance is offered along the way values clarification - correct answer-RESPECT the human dignity of all clients -understand vapes of individuals we take care of -choices are made by precedent or thought process -identify important things in life - discuss rankings with patients -consider the consequences nursing code of ethics - correct answernurses making ethical judgements (framework for ethical decisions) - succinct statement of ethical obligation and duties of every nurse -profession non-negotiable ethical standard -an expression of nursings own understanding of its commitment to society standards of practice - correct answer-describes nurses ethical obligations that allow you to perform in the most ethical way possible ex) leaving the bed rail at lowest level to make it safer for patient - the same standards applying to RN apply to SN Made up of: -ANA nursing standards - ANA position statement - ANA principles for nursing practice advocacy - correct answerprotection and support of another's rights; primary loyalty is to the patient, good individuals rather than good of society, evaluate determination and well being of patient nursing shortage - correct answergreatest in acute setting, rural areas, and is occurring worldwide caused by: -workplace dissatisfaction - other fields more appealing -aging RN faculty -low ceiling on wages--> not increasing as highly/quickly Greatest cause: a bigger population and more chronically ill people faculty shortage - correct answerincreasing and need to concentrate on recruitment and retention and collaboration, outreach campaign Rural shortage - correct answerthese areas pay more as they have a higher shortage supply of nurses - correct answerwho is working and who can work but is not working; nursing school enrollment levels are increasing but not at levels high enough to replace # of retirees -funding on state and federal levels need to be greater, hospital funding to post-grads may help, private foundation contributions may help graying population - correct answerretirement is increasing, loss of experienced nurses may hurt profession, need older to serve as role models, increase in age of faculty members of nursing schools foreign educated nurses - correct answerthey have help in the past with low numbers of RN's and will continue to migrate to work here; may hurt the domestic job market and will also drain on international health care systems solutions to shortage - correct answer-retain the older staff -health promotion and prevention -less physical strain and mental exhaustion on the job -experienced nurse are expert mentors so they should be kept in the system -redesign of workplace for older workforce -increase number of nursing students in pipeline -import foreign nurses -improve nursing image -increase faculty pool -move toward self-service approach with patient Unlicensed assistive personnel - correct answerUAP; -nurse aid -nurse extenders -healthcare aides -technicians -orderlies -assistants/attendants advantages of UAP - correct answermaximize human resources - free professional nurses from tasks and assignments that do not require thinking independently or professional judgement -cost reduction supplements vs replacements - correct answer-often UAP are not supplements but replacements to RN staff -scope of practice for UAP varies and may lead to compromised patient outcomes international council of Nurses (ICN) - correct answerposition statement on UAP: delegation and survision- RN supervision and support and evaluation of tasks and follow-up ANA - correct answerin 1990's controlled monitoring using existing mechanisms to regulate nursing practice, such as state boards of nursing and institutional policies and external agencies universal scope of practice for UAP - correct answerdoesn't exist, some states have task lists health care organizations stance on UAP - correct answerallow for broader scope of practice than advocated for by professional nursing associations or state boards -in many settings UAP performs functions not within legal practice; this is violation of state nursing practice act and threat to safety of patients UAP activities to never be delegated - correct answer-patient assessment -nursing diagnosis -patient teaching -health education -RN is ultimately responsible for ensuring patients receive appropriate high quality care and RN must analyze info from UAP RN liability from UAP - correct answer-RN is responsible for adequate supervision of UAP assignments -RN liable if negligent in supervision of employee at time of negligent act: -supervisors failure to determine which patient needs could be safely be assigned to subordinate -failure to closely monitor subordinate -RN awareness of UAP job allowances, knowledge base, and demonstrated skill -UAP is accountable for knowing how to perform care properly and when others need to be called in for tasks beyond limits of knowledge and training traditional - correct answersource of knowledge; passed down from generation to generation (always been done this way) authoritative/descriptive rule based - correct answersource of knowledge; comes from an expert (older nurse teaching SN bed making secrets) scientific - correct answersource of knowledge; arrived at through the scientific method ex) foley catheters drain completely when hung at the end o the bed, full extension of tubing allows for this science - correct answertypes of knowledge; we use knowledge and observe, investigate and explain occurances that take place philosophy - correct answertype of knowledge values and beliefs; perceptions of life; in nursing it is developed through what we learn and what we gain from practice experiences process - correct answertype of knowledge; series of events that aim towards meeting a goal ex) nursing process critical thinking - correct answeranalyzing and evaluating to make a decision (evidence) theories - correct answergroups of concepts that can describe a pattern of reality and can be tested, changed, or used to guide research nursing theories include: general systems, adaption/human needs theory, and developmental/change theory general systems theory - correct answernursing theory; universal application - breaks whole things into parts and learns how they work together in "systems", it is open an dynamic with no implicit boundaries adaptation/human needs theory - correct answernursing theory; adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment developmental/change theory - correct answernursing theory; orderly and predictable growth and development (beginning with conception and ending with death) nursing theory benefits - correct answer-directs nurses toward common goal -leads to improved patient care -provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions -gives nurses knowledge base necessary for appropriate actions -helps resolve current nursing issues -prepares nurses to question assumptions and values -serves research, education, and practice nursing theory - correct answerfocuses on person, environment, health, and nursing profession; person is the focus of it framework includes their and concepts theoretical framework - correct answer-group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality -Can be tested, changed or used to guide research Help to advance nursing knowledge and practice conceptual framework - correct answerabstract impressions organized into symbols of reality -sets of concepts and propositions goals of framework - correct answer-holistic patient care -individualized care to meet needs of patients -promotion of health -prevention of treatment of illness nursing process - correct answerthe basic framework of research process; nursing research is most closely linked with this identifying problem area - correct answeruse scientific literature to develop a research idea institutional review board(IRB) - correct answerrole is to protect the rights of human participants Goals of nursing research - correct answer-develop explanations (in theories) -find solutions of to problems specifically: -improve care of people in clinical setting -study people and the nursing process -education, policy development, ethics, nursing history, -develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession -provide evidence based nursing practice quantitative - correct answerinvolves concepts of basic applied research; uses nominal data basic research - correct answerquantitative; designed to refine a theory and many times results are not useful in practice applied research - correct answerquantitative; designed to improve clinical practice descriptive - correct answerquantitative; describe events or occurrences in real life; identifying relationships between and among events; beginning stages of research topics is this correlational - correct answerquantitative; looking at relationships between two or more variables; one may increase while other decrease or both may increase or decrease quasi experimental - correct answerquantitative; looks at cause and effect relationships between variables; effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes experimental - correct answerquantitative; conducted in lab setting; looking at cause and effect between variables under very controlled conditions qualitative - correct answerconducted to gain insight by discovering meanings; based on belief that reality is based on various and differing perceptions phenomenology - correct answerqualitative; describes experiences of those being studied; meaning of the experiences grounded theory - correct answerqualitative; descriptions of the subjects reality; theory is developed based on experiences of subjects ethnography - correct answerqualitative; inclusion of issues on culture; culture and nursing/health care are related mixed methods - correct answermixing qualitative and quantitative methodologies; takes advantage of using multiple ways to explore a research problem abstract - correct answerpart of journal; summary and data collection/analysis introduction - correct answerpart of journal; the review of literature and purpose methods - correct answerpart of journal; how study was done results - correct answerpart of journal; findings, charts, and tables discussion - correct answerpart of journal; results with regard to purpose references - correct answerpart of journal; literature used evidence based practice - correct answeremphasizes decision-making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcomes studies to guide decisions; nursing care uses this as a means of ensuring quality care -it is problem solving approach -it uses best evidence available -blends the science and art of nursing steps in using EBP - correct answerassess: need for change/problem link: problem/interventions/outcomes synthesize: look/critique/benefits/risks design: propose change implement: pilot/evaluate/yes or no integrate/maintain: practice shared decision making basis - correct answer-research evidence -patient experiences and preferences -clinical expertise -other sources of info Goals of EBP - correct answer-provide optimal patient care -improve patient (SYSTEM) outcomes tradition based - correct answersource of evidence; -consultation, with more experienced, educated, higher authority level nurses -institutional standards, procedure manuals -coworkers and other health care providers evidence based - correct answersource of evidence; -research -RCT, integrative review, meta analysis -practice-based evidence for continuous process improvement (PBE-CPI) -The nurse should use a systematic approach for literature review. Untested theories are good for research topics. They help in developing a new knowledge base surrounding a particular topic. population/patient - correct answerP (PICO) intervention or issue - correct answerI (PICO) comparison - correct answerC (PICO) outcome - correct answerO (PICO) EBN Resources - correct answerevidence based nursing, clinical decision making based on the best available scientific evidence combined with clinical expertise and considering patient preferences and available resources variables - correct answerthings in the setting that vary or change independent - correct answercontrolled or manipulated variable dependent - correct answerphenomenon being studied; variable we look for change in validity - correct answerability of research to actually measure or accurately describe variables in the study reliability - correct answerthe ability of the research instrument or tool to yield consistently the same results over repeated testing periods population - correct answerthe entire group of people affected by a problem under scrutiny sample - correct answersmall group of people from population who will be studied subject - correct answerparticipant; the individual person in the sample control group - correct answerdoesn't receive special treatment in order to be compared experimental group - correct answerthe group that receives the new treatment or procedure informed consent - correct answerindividual must be informed of both potential risks and potential benefits of participating -right of refusal to participate -right to withdraw from treatment at any time -confidentiality Ask, acquire, analyze, apply assess - correct answerthe 5 A's HC interventions - correct answermeant to improve patient care, patient outcome, change in behavior meant to make patient feel safe nursing informatics - correct answerthe combination of nursing science, information science, and computer science -based on usability: data, information, knowledge, wisdom -use of computer system, perform task, and achieve result science of nursing - correct answerbody of nursing knowledge data - correct answerdiscrete entities or raw facts that are described objectively information - correct answerdata that are interpreted organized or structured knowledge - correct answerinformation that has been synthesized so that interelationships are identified and formalized wisdom - correct answerthe use of knowledge and experience to manage and solve human problems Goals of informatics - correct answerhealth promotion for populations, families, communities and individuals informatics nurse specialist - correct answera speciality that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice -it supports patients, nurses and other providers un their decision-making activities, it involves all fields of nursing: clinical practice, administration, education and research Role - correct answerdocumentation is the core of nursing process (needs to be well-documented care) care that has been provided care that is outstanding, outcome of care, responses to care plan function - correct answersupports decision making based on assessment to drive new plans of care successful automation: successful implementation of information systems requires: -well designed systems, acceptance and integration, supportive resources EHR goals - correct answer-inform clinical practice -interconnect clinicians -personalize care -improve population health EHR functions - correct answer-document patient are -provide communication among healthcare team members -provide single data access point for workers managing care providing a single point of long term data respository changing functions of patient record - correct answer-managed care -population demographics: patients living longer, chronic illness -quality assurance: used by medicare and risk managers - data to suport research clients rights regarding health record - correct answerto see health record, to copy health record, to restrict certain disclosure of health record criminal law - correct answermurder, manslaughter, criminal negligence, theft and illegal possession of drugs civil law - correct answerprivate law; relates to the practice of nursing regulation on nursing practice - correct answer-nurse practice acts, established by state legislation -standards -credentialing voluntary standards - correct answerdeveloped by nursing, not mandatory but used as guidelines for review by peers ex) ANA, standards for the certification of nurses in general/specialty area legal standards - correct answerdeveloped by legislature, minimum standards for licensure, decide when nurse's license may be revoked or suspended accreditation - correct answerprogram is evaluated and recognized as having met standards licensure - correct answercandidate meets minimum requirements to practice certification - correct answerperson meets criteria and is granted recognition in a specified practice area tort - correct answera wrong committed against another or his property assault - correct answerintentional tort; threat/attempt to make bodily contact with out consent ex) "if you don't let me give you this shot, i will hold you down and force it" battery - correct answerintentional tort; carrying out an assault with violent intent defamation - correct answerintentional tort; derogatory remarks (slander is oral/libel is written) ex) "he is rude and his clients always end up with infections" negligence - correct answeract of omission or commission (what a reasonably prudent person would or would not do) ex) nurse doesn't help ambulate client, and client falls and fractures hip malpractice - correct answernegligence by professionals invasion of privacy - correct answerinvolves breach of keeping client information confidential informed consent - correct answerneeded for admission, routine treatment, diagnostics, surgeries, or procedures -responsibility of person who is performing procedure study or treatment -nurse is to conform and answer questions -must be signed by client physicians orders - correct answeragency policies dictate who can write orders, always try to get order in writing; VO/TO must be countersigned within 24 hours -always question orders -repeated VO/TO and date, time, DR name and your name -student nurse cannot take TO liability insurance - correct answer-protects against nurses best interests -coverage through facilities is limited -need coverage outside of work environment risk management - correct answer-identify, analyze and treat risks -safety: patients, employees, visitors -equipment/product safety: ongoing maintenance, evaluation, and repair -quality assurance: give best of care to patients, ongoing evaluations of care patient's bill of rights - correct answer-rights and responsibilities the client is entitled to the in the institution -while receiving care in hospital -individualized by facility or agency good samaritan laws - correct answerprovide legal immunity when working in emergency situations, it encourages health care providers to give aid with fear OSHA - correct answersafe working conditions: -use of electrical equipment -use of isolation techniques -use of radiation -use of chemicals impaired nurse - correct answerrecognize self and colleague potential 0 rules in nursing - correct answer-never have trailing 0 after decimal point (do NOT do 3.0) -Always use leading 0 (ex do 0.3) 1000 mg - correct answer1 g 100mcg - correct answer1mg 2.2 lbs - correct answer1 kg 2.54 cm - correct answer1 in 1cc - correct answer1ml 5ml - correct answer1 teaspoon (t) 3 teaspoon - correct answer1 tablespoon (T) 15 cc - correct answer1 tablespoon 60ml - correct answer1 grain 60 ml - correct answer2 fl oz