Res 204 Assessment questions Test 1 Questions With Complete Solutions.

Which of the following are phases of human lung development? I. Embryonal II. Canalicular III. Blastocystic IV. Chorionic V. Saccular A. I, III, III B. I, II, and V C. II and IV D. III and V E. I, IV, and V correct answer: B. I, II, and V The initial lung bud emerges from which of the following? A. Esophagus B. Trachea C. Umbilical Cord D. Pharynx E. Mesoderm layer correct answer: D. Pharynx The bronchial tree is formed at which gestational phase of lung development? A. Embryonal B. Canalicular C. Pseudoglandular D. Saccular E. Alveolar correct answer: C. Pseudoglandular The alveolar epithelial lining undergoes cell division into type I and type II pneumocytes. Which of the following correctly describe the pneumocytes? I. Type I pneumocytes account for more than 97% of the alveolar surface area. II. Type II pneumocytes form a gas-permeable membrane for diffusion of gases. III. Surfactant production occurs in the lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes, which release surfactant by exocytosis. IV. Type I pneumocytes are responsible for surfactant production and storage. V. Type I pneumocytes are squamous shaped and optimized for gas exchange; type II pneumocytes are cube shaped and may differentiate into type I cells. A. I, II, IV, and V B. I, III, and V C. I, IV, and V D. II, IV, and V E. III and IV correct answer: B. I, III, and V What are the minimal developmental features required for an immature human fetus to survive outside the uterus? I. 32 weeks of gestation II. Sufficient alveolar and vascular surface area for gas exchange III. Sufficient endoplasmic reticulum production IV. 22-24 weeks of gestation V. Near completion of the canalicular stage of lung development A. I, II, III, and IV B. I and V C. II, III, and V D. II, IV, and V E. III, IV, and V correct answer: D. II, IV, and V Which of the following best describes fetal lung liquid? A. It lowers surface tension within the alveoli. B. It maintains the structure of the airway lumen and developing alveoli, preventing complete collapse. C. With fetal breathing movement it continuously flows out of the lungs and is swallowed or excreted into the amniotic fluid. D. A and B E. B and C correct answer: E. B and C Estimates of the exact number of alveoli at birth vary widely, but investigators agree that A. The surface area of gas exchange increases inversely with age. B. Normal structural development is complete before the first breath. C. Normal lung growth is a continuous process that extends into adulthood. D. Gas exchange surface area grows proportionally with an increase in oxygen consumption and body surface area. E. Extension of gas exchange occurs with transformation of alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles. correct answer: D Which is the lung development stage formerly thought to be the last stage before birth, and characterized by relatively smooth-walled, cylindrical structures subdivided by ridges known as secondary crests? A. Alveolar phase B. Saccular phase C. Terminal phase D. Trophoblast phase E. Canalicular phase correct answer: A. Alveolar phase Pulmonary hypoplasia is a relatively common abnormality of lung development with a number of clinical associations, including which of the following? A. Lung tissue compression B. Oligohydramnios C. Maternal diabetes D. All of the above E. A and C only correct answer: D. All of the above Which of the following statements represent Reid's laws of human lung development? I. The bronchial tree develops by week 16 of intrauterine life. II. Preacinar vasculature develops after the airway has been established, and intra-acinar vasculature develops after the alveoli are generated. III. Alveolar development is complete when there is sufficient gas exchange surface area to support extrauterine life. IV. The esophageal lung bud arises from the embryonic mesoderm to form the tracheal bronchial tree. V. Alveoli increase in number until 8 years of age and grow in size until chest wall growth is complete. A. I and IV B. I, II, and V C. I, III, IV, and V D. II and III E. II, III, and V correct answer: B. I, II, and V Which of the following are true statements concerning the development of the circulatory systems? I. Heart development is completed by about 32 weeks of