NUR651 FINAL EXAM BRADLEY UNIVERSITY WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION

NUR6 51 FI NAL EXAM BRAD LEY UNIVERSI TY WITH COMPL ETE SOLUTI ON Which of the types of chemical bonding between drugs and their receptors is the least common? - ANSWER Covalent Which type of drug classification is most important to the practitioner? - ANSWER Therapeutic Mechanism of Action - ANSWER The manner in which molecular targets are affected by the drug Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) can lead the patient to - ANSWER stop taking the drug Half-life is defined as - ANSWER The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to be reduced by 50 percent When one drug is more efficacious than another, it has... - ANSWER A greater ability to initiate a response What is bioavailability? - ANSWER The fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route Absorption is defined as: - ANSWER The transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the blood How can Competitive antagonism be overcome? - ANSWER by adding more agonist How is children's dosing most often calculated? - ANSWER MG/KG A patient complains of pain from a migraine. How would the practitioner classify this type of pain? - ANSWER Central Neuropathic Pain What stage of nociception is occurring when neurotransmitters in the dorsal horn directly or indirectly depolarize the second-order neurons? - ANSWER Trasmission What are the four processes of Nociception - ANSWER transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception A practitioner conducting a pain assessment asks the patient, "Is the pain consistent or intermittent?" What character of pain is the practitioner assessing? - ANSWER Temporal pattern What is the maximum dose of acetaminophen in 24 hours? - ANSWER 4 grams Etodolac is in the same drug class as ibuprofen. What is its mechanism of action? - ANSWER It inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzyme. What kind of drug is Naloxone (Narcan) - ANSWER opioid antagonist Acetaminophen and alcohol have a complex relationship in the liver. Why? (3 reasons) - ANSWER 1. They are both metabolized by the same liver enzyme. 2. Alcohol inhibits the enzyme that metabolizes acetaminophen. 3. The enzyme that metabolizes acetaminophen is induced by alcohol. What is a contraindication of ibuprofen? - ANSWER Ulcers An adverse effect of opiates in elders is... - ANSWER Bone fractures Aspirin is different from the other NSAIDs because... - ANSWER It binds irreversibly to the COX enzyme One of the properties that insulins are differentiated by is... - ANSWER Duration of action Which form of insulin is the most bioavailable? - ANSWER Humalog What is the mechanism of action of sitagliptin (Januvia)? - ANSWER Slows the inactivation of incretin hormones by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase 4 How does canagliflozin (Invokana) control blood glucose levels? - ANSWER By reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys What is the mechanism of action of Lantus? - ANSWER Insulin precipitates into crystals and is slowly absorbed over 24 hours The most common complication of insulin therapy is... - ANSWER Hypoglycemia What is the mechanism of action of the sulfonylureas? - ANSWER Increases insulin secretion What drug is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER Metformin What are the primary symptoms of ketoacidosis? - ANSWER Excessive thirst and frequent urination Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed when the A1C value is over: - ANSWER 6.5% Description of Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER An autoimmune disorder that destroys the beta cells in the pancreas Description of Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER Insulin resistance and obesity